A Technical Analysis of Ergonomics and Human Factors in Modern Flight D

I. Presentation Since the beginning of the avionics time, cockpit configuration has become progressively convoluted attributable to the coming of new innovations empowering airplane to fly farther and quicker more proficiently than any other time in recent memory. With more prominent remaining burdens forced on pilots as armadas modernize, the truth of he or she surpassing the outstanding task at hand limit has gotten show. In light of the eccentric nature of man, this issue is difficult to take out totally. Be that as it may, the occasions of event can be radically decreased by looking at the nature of man, how he works in the cockpit, and what must be finished by architects to plan a framework in which man and machine are in a perfect world interfaced. The last point includes an inside and out examination of framework plan with an accentuation on human components, biomechanics, cockpit controls, and show frameworks. By breaking down these segments of cockpit structure, and figuring out which factors of each will yield the most minimal mistakes, a framework can be structured in which the Liveware-Hardware interface can advance wellbeing and diminish accident recurrence. II. The History Of Human Factors in Cockpit Design The historical backdrop of cockpit configuration can be followed as far back as the first swell flights, where an indicator was utilized to quantify height. The Wright siblings joined a string appended to the airplane to show slips and slips (Hawkins, 241). In any case, the main genuine endeavors towards human components usage in cockpit configuration started in the mid 1930's. During this time, the United States Postal Service started flying airplane taking all things together climate missions (Kane, 4:9). The more noteworthy dependence on instrumentation brought up the issue of where to put each show and control. Nonetheless, very little consideration was being concentrated on this territory as specialists thought increasingly about getting the instrument in the cockpit, than about how it would interface with the pilot (Sanders and McCormick, 739). In the mid-to late 1930's, the improvement of the primary gyroscopic instruments constrained specialists to make their first significant human variables related choice. Simple circumstance markers raised worry about whether the presentations ought to mirror the view as observed from inside the cockpit, having the skyline move behind a fixed smaller than normal plane, or as it would be seen from outside the airplane. Until the finish of World War I, airplane were fabricated ... ...anifest. The conversation of biomechanics in section three was intentionally wide, in light of the fact that it is such a wide and differing field. The ideas addressed demonstrate the zones of worry that a creator must address before making a cockpit that is ergonomically inviting in the physical sense. Controls and shows hold somewhat more importance, since they are the crucial control what's more, input gadgets engaged with controlling the airplane. These were talked about in more prominent detail on the grounds that a considerable lot of those ideas never arrive at the cognizant brain of the administrator. In spite of the fact that consciousness of these variables isn't basic to safe airplane activity, they do assume an indispensable job in the psyche brain of the pilot during basic operational stages under high pressure. In light of the eccentric nature of man, it is absurd to accept a zero resistance condition to potential blunders like these, yet further examination concerning the configuration process, biomechanics, control and show gadgets may yield more noteworthy understanding most definitely. Outfitted with this information, designers can embark to fabricate airplane not exclusively to ship individuals and material, yet in addition to spare lives.

Hamlet Ophelia Madness Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Ophelia Madness Essay The NO, HE WAS SANE side:Hamlet discloses to Horatio that he will pretend frenzy, and that if Horatio sees any odd conduct from Hamlet, it is on the grounds that he is faking it. Act I, Scene v, lines 166-180 Hamlets franticness possibly shows itself when he is within the sight of specific characters. At the point when Hamlet is around Polonius, Claudius, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he carries on nonsensically. At the point when Hamlet is around Horatio, Bernardo, Francisco, The Players and the Gravediggers, he carries on sanely. Claudius admits that Hamlets activities albeit odd, don't seem to originate from frenzy. Act III, Scene I, lines 165-167 Polonius concedes that Hamlets activities and words have a technique to them; there seems, by all accounts, to be an explanation for them, they are legitimate in nature. Act II, Scene ii, lines 206-207 Hamlets frenzy not the slightest bit reflects Ophelias genuine franticness, his activities differentiate them. Hamlet tells his mom that he isn't distraught, yet frantic in create. Act III, Scene iv, lines 188-199 Hamlet has confidence in his rational soundness consistently. He never questions his authority over mind. Technique in the Madness: Hamlets Sanity Supported Through His Relation to Ophelia and Edgars Relation to Lear In both Hamlet and King Lear, Shakespeare consolidates a subject of frenzy with two characters: one really distraught, and one just acting frantic to serve a rationale. The frenzy of Hamlet is as often as possible questioned. This paper contends that the contrapuntal character in each play, to be specific Ophelia in Hamlet and Edgar in King Lear, goes about as an adjusting contention to different characters franticness or mental stability. Ruler Lears increasingly unequivocal qualification between Lears slightness of brain and Edgars thought up frenzy attempts to more readily characterize the connection between Ophelias breakdown and Hamlets north-north-west brand of madness. The two plays offer a character on each side of rational soundness, yet in Hamlet the differentiation isn't as clear for what it's worth in King Lear. Utilizing the more express relationship in King Lear, one finds a superior comprehension of the relationship in Hamlet.While Shakespeare doesn't legitimately pit Ophelias craziness (or breakdown) against Hamlets frenzy, there is rather an unmistakable authoritativeness in Ophelias condition and lear vulnerability in Hamlets franticness. Clearly, Hamlets character offers more proof, while Ophelias breakdown is speedy, yet progressively convincing in its precision.Shakespeare offers clear proof highlighting Hamlets mental soundness starting with the main scene of the play. Hamlet starts with watches whose principle significance in the play is to give believability tothe phantom. If Hamlet somehow happened to see his dads apparition in private, the contention for his frenzy would significantly improve. However, not one, yet three men together observer the phantom before intuition to tell Hamlet. As Horatio says, being the main of the gatekeepers to assume a critical job in the remainder of the play, Before my God, I may notthis accept/Without the reasonable and genuine affirm/Of mine own eyes. (I.i.56-8) Horatio, who shows up as often as possible all through the play, goes about as a certainly rational vindication to Hamlet again when surrounding the King with his response to the play. That Hamlet addresses the apparition alone degrades to some degree from its validity, yet all the men are observer to the phantom requesting they talk alone. Horatio offers a quick warning:What on the off chance that it entices you toward the flood, my ruler, Or to the appalling highest point of the bluff That creepy crawlies oer his base into the ocean, And there expect some other horrendous structure Which may deny your sway of reason, And bring you into frenzy? Consider it. (I.iv.69-74). Horatios remark might be the place Hamlet gets the plan to utilize a request of craziness to work out his arrangement. The significant reality is that the apparition doesn't change structure, but instead stays as the King and addresses Hamlet reasonably. There is likewise valid justification for the apparition not to need the gatekeepers to recognize what he tells Hamlet, as the play couldn't continue as it does if the watchmen were to hear what Hamlet id. It is the phantom of Hamlets father who lets him know, yet howsomever thou seeks after this demonstration,/Taint not thy mind. .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .postImageUrl , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:hover , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:visited , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:active { border:0!important; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:active , .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0e89 3a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0e893a5bc9636d15ab468e913528dcf1:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Procrastination Essay (I.v.84-5) Later, when Hamlet sees the apparition

Psychiatrist Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Psychiatrist Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Being one of the most intriguing medical specialities, psychiatry is rather popular these days.Maybe even more than ever. On a daily basis, psychiatrists struggle to help people cope with multiple mental disorders thus improving the quality of their patients’ lives.Without these soul doctors, a vast number of individuals would not be able to deal with their mental ailments and disorders that prevent them from leading a normal life.Now, since you are reading this article, you must be a psychiatrist yourself, so I do not need to tell you about the heavy burden you carry every single day.We fully acknowledge that it takes guts and courage to be a psychiatrist and we thank you for being one.However, as a psychiatrist, you know that you cannot exercise your skills unless you are properly employed.And to get employed there are some steps you need to get through, such as presenting yourself to hospitals and other prospective employers, going on the interviews, waiting, and waiting.I know how frustrating this process can be, so I am here for you today to help you as best as I can.Maybe the most difficult and boring of these stages is writing a resume.Most of the times, you do not know what to do and how to write it. But, mark this.Your Resume is an ID of sorts that tells an employer who you are and what you can do.The whole idea behind is to find an appropriate template that is not sketchy (if you aren’t sure which one is right for you, we can offer our lovely resume template builder);The resume MUST be written in a strictly precise language;Organize and prioritize! Say only what truly matters and make it properly displayed;And yet, do not provide too many pieces of information.Scared, aren’t you? Well, don’t be.The remaining part of my modest writing will guide you through the resume writing process, giving you all the advantages by providing real-life examples and details steps.This will all help you find out how to professionally charm your next employer wit h a spotless resume.Psychiatry Resident Resume Example Right Certified Psychiatrist Resume Example Right Create your own resumeWith these two resumes, I conclude the sample part of my writing. The previous samples are an excellent example to follow since this is where you will find all the phrases and dirty little tricks.Still, don’t be fooled that the employers aren’t aware of these. They are, but they still fall for them.Anyways, keep reading to discover some actual guidelines on writing a resume that will help you get the job you want and deserve.At the same time, allow me to share with you the news how we have our resume template builder that can serve you just as well.TIME TO INTRODUCE YOU TO WRITING PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTIONWhen writing a resume, it is natural that you will have to follow a specific order. I gave you the practical example, and now we will go through it step by step.NameBeing a psychiatrist, you are absolutely aware of the importance of one’s identity. So, start your professional presentation by giving your full first and last name.Alina Torres or Mark Ba iley RightAlina Aloska Torres or Mark Bailman WrongTrough your profession and general knowledge of the world, you know that nicknames are an informal way to address someone, so you can omit them in your resume.Of course, you should give a false name under no circumstances. However: Pro TipUseful Tip:In case that you change your name legally and officially, make sure to update your resume accordingly. Otherwise, you’re in for some serious and pointless explaining process.ProfessionAgain, this is another identification point, so make sure to indicate it properly.Psychiatry Resident or Certified Psychiatrist RightResident/Postgraduate or Degree in Psychiatry WrongIn medical professions, you can also make use of abbreviations, since they are common knowledge, yet I strongly advise that you add the full title, at least in brackets.PhotoNow we come to a tricky part since adding a photo is a bit questionable issue in terms of political correctness. Not to go into too many details, I will just say â€" forget the groundless comments on how providing a photo is discrimination. Just go straight ahead and include one.Why? First of all, why shouldn’t you? Second of all, you will be working with people suffering from various and serious disorders, and you need to be absolutely confident about yourself.Omission to include a photo might indicate completely opposite, so feel free to add it. Anyhow, I will not insist any further, so this is completely up to you.Once you decide to add a photo, you know already that you can’t just choose any. To briefly remind you, here comes my list with yes and no when it comes to a photo in a resume.Photo instructionsPhoto of you alone taken against a neutral backgroundTidy and neat physical appearance in general (clothes, hair, beard, etc.)Light and minimum make-up (for ladies)Proper postureNatural facial expression (with a hint of a smile, eyes open) RightPhoto instructionsColourful and group photosMessy and untidy physical appea ranceInappropriate make-up (for ladies)Slouching or otherwise improper postureOverreactions in facial expressions (grin, laugh, eyes closed) WrongKeep it professional to be sure that you are leaving the right impression. Pro TipAdditional Tip:Use a photo of your chest-up.Phone NumberGiving a phone number is how you make it possible for employers to get in touch with you.So, don’t make a mistake to omit it or give an old number.To be in the clear, always check and make sure that it is updated in case you changed it.AddressIncluding your address is not obligatory, but yet it leaves a better impression overall.Anyhow, it is useful since it can, in a way, show your willingness to move place for work.Obviously, if you live in another state you would not apply for a job if you really did not want it that bad.It might also come in handy if the employer needs to send over some forms or other written documents.E-mail AddressYour e-mail address is another way for the employer to get in to uch with you.t_alina@gmail.com or b.mark87@gmail.com Rightpretty_alina@gmail.com or partyman@gmail.com WrongIf you use the e-mail address with some silly name or a nickname, don’t list it here. the reason is that your e-mail also needs to be neat and professional. Also, if you have multiple e-mail addresses, don’t give them all. One is just fine. Pro TipPro Tip:Take care that the e-mail address you include is easily pronounced and spelt. This is just to avoid confusion if you need to share it again over the phone. Don’t miss out a good opportunity just because someone misunderstood your e-mail address.SOCIAL MEDIA PROFILES â€" YES AND WHY NOT?Social networks a guilty pleasure of sorts, so it’s hard to believe that you do not have at least one of these accounts, even though you know how harmful they can be at times.Still, if you doubt whether to include these, then maybe don’t.But, if you still do, pay proper attention to what people can see about you here.So, as a free tip, I will just tell you to go to your settings and limit visibility so as to avoid being misunderstood or embarrassed.Still, there is one social network that is highly recommended as a part in your resume, and that is your LinkedIn account. It will give the proper pieces of information and the right work history and interest, as opposed to Facebook or similar.With social media profiles, we have fully covered the personal details so we can proceed to our next subheading. And, that isTHE ATTENTION GRABBER â€" SUMMARY SECTION  This is the section which takes up such a tiny space in your resume and yet is a rather effective one.As I’m talking about a quality-oriented part and not quantity, let me just tell you that here you need to rely on language and its proper use.And if you ask me how?, well, check this out!SummaryCertified medical transcriptionist/Psychiatry Residentwith over 6 years/ more than 4 years of related experienceSpecialized inwith the focus onBeing proactive (and put my skills and knowledge to practical use/ to use the acquired knowledge, skills and experience RightSummaryOmitting your profession/specialityWith experience/experiencedWeak language forms and non-descriptive language in generalBeing passive WrongIt is with the summary section that you catch the eye of the reader raising their interest in you as a potential employee.  For more in-depth information, check this summary section guide!And since I mentioned that language you use is of crucial importance, let me just briefly elaborate. If you say “psychologist looking for a job”, you are a) stating the obvious and b) sounding uninterested.On the other hand, when you say “put my skills and knowledge to practical use” you are showing your dedication and a strong desire to make a contribution to the new position.Again, use precise language and if you sometimes cannot achieve this with words, you can reach for numbers.Namely, “with experience” and “with more than 4 years of e xperience” tell a completely different story. And, I’m sure you know which one will serve you better and why.Moreover, should you write your resume as I indicated wrong, believe me, you will disqualify yourself almost immediately.As a psychiatrist, you must be at a certain (read, high!) level of written and oral communication, so if you scramble your resume, not even your extensive experience will do the trick for you.AND NOW YOU TELL THEM WHAT YOU CAN DO EXPERIENCE SECTIONWith this section, you are paving the way to your new job!This is where you finally convince the next employer you are right for them.And if you maybe lack the required experience, don’t be afraid to say so. You certainly will have some other qualities to compensate for this, such as your skills and education.When providing your experience details, know that you need to provide the full names of previous employers as well as the position you held in the company.Moreover, you will have to include a brief des cription of the position and/or tasks you were in charge of as well.Of course, before any of these, you will have to include the time period you spent working there. Pro TipExtra Tip:Do not give false details, since this is all easily checked and verified!See how this works in practice. Right WrongIf you have any concerns on how your experience section should look like, then know that the examples I provided are precisely what a potential employer wants to see in your resume. Everything I singled out in the column designated “Right” is what you need to incorporate in your own resume.These are the most typical phrases to use and as for the rest, just be honest what you did while you worked somewhere and take care that the language is technical, pertaining to your profession. Pro TipAdditional Tip:The jobs that are not related to what you are currently applying for are duly omitted from your resume. You do not want to bother the employer with irrelevant details that have nothing to do with the qualifications required for the job of a psychiatrist.By the way, let me remind you of our resume template builder! It is a perfect tool to get your resume done in a matter of minutes.Finally, just let me add that the professional experience is listed starting with the most rec ent one, and not vice versa.THE ROUGH PART OF EDUCATION (SECTION)Your education is listed immediately after the experience section. Now check this out. Right WrongJust like with your professional experience, under education, you also need to include full names of the educational institutions you attended.Same goes for the time period and the field of study.  There are many ways to put your education to work on your resume.What is interesting to note is that with education, you can only list the highest degree you obtained.However, our samples show a rather specific situation, so our applicant No. 1 listed the previous education in addition to currently pursuing a residency in psychiatry.As for our second candidate, in addition to his duly completed residency, he also listed the fellowship and board certification.In the end, let me tell you that education is also listed in the same way as experience, that is, in the reversed chronological order.SKILLS SECTION â€" IS LESS ACTUALLY MORE?Yes, it is!Prioritizing is what you need to do. And this is a perfect opportunity for me to tell you that this is how the employers want you to write the s kills section.SkillsHighly skilled in oral and written communication, especially exhibited in the interaction with patientsExcellent in/ProficientExceptionally calmHighly perceptive RightSkillsGood in communicationTalkativeCan handle stressNotices things WrongI already explained the benefits of strong language forms and language precision. Also, make adequate use of profession-related terms.And of course, use the phrases marked Right in abundance.It is hard to imagine nowadays that you can speak only your native language. Languages are a very important tool in your professional life in terms of research or communication with fellow professionals around the world. This is why the languages you speak are a special subset of your skills.Languages in Skills SectionEnglish/Russian/Spanish (native)German (Intermediate)English (Proficient) RightLanguages in Skills SectionEnglishGermanRussian WrongI don’t really think there’s the need to tell you that you should only list the langua ges you can use for meaningful communication. Again this is easily checked just like the level of your knowledge.The ending section of your resume is organized around general interests and activities you engage in when you have some spare time.Again, prioritizing is key. Just list those that you truly spend time doing. Otherwise, you’re just giving away too many irrelevant details. Pro TipPro Tip:Make sure to include only those activities that make you look good in the eyes of the employer.And, remember our resume template builder? Feel free to use it and make yourself that perfect CV.ADDITIONAL SHORT SWEET TIPS TRICKS:Duly and timely update your resume to avoid giving any false and/or incorrect data.Prioritize and adapt the resume to the position you are applying for; otherwise, you might end up sending a pointless list of irrelevant details.Always, without exceptions, double-check your writing for grammar or punctuation mistakes.Be precise, informative and interesting (my gui de told you how to achieve all of these).CONCLUSIONAll of us have faced various obstacles while looking for a job. Sometimes these obstacles are found even with the first step in your job quest. You often aren’t sure how to write the best possible presentation of yourself and your work-related skills.And even though psychiatry is an ever-developing speciality, you might often be perplexed how psychiatrists are having difficulties in getting hired. Now, this has come to an end!With this guide I prepared for you, you will write a brilliant resume quickly enough and you will be ready to send it to new employers without worrying if you did something wrong.Check out our resume builder and save tons of time while creating the most awesome CV ever!So once you get the job, the rest is upon you.You’re welcome! Create your own resume

My Nursing Philosophy A Basis Of Understanding For...

My Nursing Philosophy Developing a basis of understanding for professional nursing is where you start to achieve the best practices and outcomes† (Alligood, 2014, p. 56). In order to develop a personal nursing philosophy there are a few basic ideas to consider. One must examine their own personal values and beliefs about nursing and all that it encompasses. Throughout this paper the focus will be to discuss a personal nursing philosophy, which is believed to be the core characteristics of any nursing practice. The discussion will include the definition of nursing, person, health, and environment with an effort to show how each affect the patient’s outcome. There are several well noted theorists with differing ideas about nursing and its practice. Through study, Florence Nightingale most closely aligns with this nurse’s personal philosophy. The first step in developing a nursing philosophy would be to define nursing. According to the American Nurses Association , â€Å"nursing is the protection, promotion, and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (American Nurses Association, 2014). It has always been very hard to completely define nursing. The goal of nursing is â€Å"to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him† (Nightingale, 1946). Most nurses share some core values and beliefs but eachShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing1676 Words   |  7 PagesFor the purpose of the paper, famous philosophies and a personal nursing philosophy is presented, including the personal definitions of the four phenomena of nursing namely person, environment, health, and nursing. The said philosophy will then be compared to other professionally-acclaimed philosophies. 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I have and will continue to show compassion for others while administering professional holistic care, guided by the AmericanRead MoreImportance of Theory1378 Words   |  6 PagesCostello Chamberlain College of Nursing NR501: Foundational Concepts and Applications March 2016 Importance of Theory Paper The nursing philosophy is a group of concepts that help provide a method for treating and caring for patients. Nursing theory also can be an instrument of effort that emphasizes scientific facts,  it will also show the trends of views of the wellbeing -disease course of action and the practice of healing care. The different nursing theories that have been planned

The Kellogg-Briand Pact War Outlawed

In the realm of international peacekeeping agreements, the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 stands out for its stunningly simple, if unlikely solution: outlaw war. Key Takeaways Under the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the United States, France, Germany and other nations mutually agreed never again to declare or take part in war except in cases of self-defense.The Kellogg-Briand Pact was signed in Paris, France on August 27, 1928, and took effect on July 24, 1929.The Kellogg-Briand Pact was, in part, a reaction to the post-World War I peace movement in the United States and France.While several wars have been fought since its enactment, the Kellogg-Briand Pact is still in force today, forming a key part of the UN Charter. Sometimes called the Pact of Paris for the city in which it was signed, the Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement in which the signatory nations promised never again to declare or take part in war as a method of resolving â€Å"disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them.† The pact was to be enforced by the understanding that states failing to keep the promise â€Å"should be denied of the benefits furnished by this treaty.† The Kellogg-Briand Pact was initially signed by France, Germany, and the United States on August 27, 1928, and soon by several other nations. The pact officially went into effect on July 24, 1929. During the 1930s, elements of the pact formed the basis of isolationist policy in America. Today, other treaties, as well as the Charter of the United Nations, include similar renunciations of war. The pact is named after its primary authors, U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand. To a great extent, the creation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact was driven by popular post-World War I peace movements in the United States and France. The U.S. Peace Movement The horrors of World War I drove a majority of the American people and government officials to advocate for isolationist policies intended to make sure the nation would never again be drawn into foreign wars. Some of those policies focused on international disarmament, including the recommendations of a series of naval disarmament conferences held in Washington, D.C., during 1921. Others focused on U.S. cooperation with multinational peacekeeping coalitions like the League of Nations and the newly formed World Court, now recognized as the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial branch of the United Nations. American peace advocates Nicholas Murray Butler and James T. Shotwell started a movement dedicated to the total prohibition of war. Butler and Shotwell soon affiliated their movement with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, an organization dedicated to promoting peace through internationalism, established in 1910 by famed American industrialist Andrew Carnegie. The Roleof France Especially hard hit by World War I, France sought friendly international alliances to help bolster its defenses against continued threats from its next-door neighbor Germany. With the influence and help of American peace advocates Butler and Shotwell, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Aristide Briand proposed a formal agreement outlawing war between France and the United States only. While the American peace movement supported Briand’s idea, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge and many members of his Cabinet, including Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg, worried that such a limited bilateral agreement might obligate the United States to become involved should France ever be threatened or invaded. Instead, the Coolidge and Kellogg suggested that France and the United States encourage all nations to join them in a treaty outlawing war. Creating the Kellogg-Briand Pact With the wounds of World War I still healing in so many nations, the international community and the public in general readily accepted the idea of banning war. During negotiations held Paris, the participants agreed that only wars of aggression – not acts of self-defense – would be outlawed by the pact. With this critical agreement, many nations withdrew their initial objections to signing the pact. The final version of the pact contained two agreed upon clauses: All signatory nations agreed to outlaw war as an instrument of their national policy.All signatory nations agreed to settle their disputes only by peaceful means. Fifteen nations signed the pact on August 27, 1928. These initial signatories included France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, and Japan. After 47 addition nations followed suit, most of the world’s established governments had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. In January 1929, the United States Senate approved President Coolidge’s ratification of the pact by a vote of 85-1, with only Wisconsin Republican John J. Blaine voting against. Before passage, the Senate added a measure specifying that the treaty did not limit the United States right to defend itself and did not obligate the United States to take any action against nations that violated it. The Mukden Incident Tests the Pact Whether because of the Kellogg-Briand Pact or not, peace reigned for four years. But in 1931, the Mukden Incident led Japan to invade and occupy Manchuria, then a northeastern province of China. The Mukden Incident began on September 18, 1931, when a lieutenant in the Kwangtung Army, a part of the Imperial Japanese Army, detonated a small charge of dynamite on a Japanese-owned railway near Mukden. While the explosion caused little if any damage, the Imperial Japanese Army falsely blamed it on Chinese dissidents and used it as justification for invading Manchuria. Although Japan had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, neither the United States nor the League of Nations took any action to enforce it. At the time, the United States was consumed by the Great Depression. Other nations of the League of Nations, facing their own economic problems, were reluctant to spend money on a war to preserve China’s independence. After Japan’s ruse of war was exposed in 1932, the country went into a period if isolationism, ending with its withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1933. Legacy of the Kellogg-Briand Pact Further violations of the pact by signatory nations would soon follow the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935 and the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936. In 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany invaded Finland and Poland. Such incursions made it clear that the pact could not and would not be enforced. By failing to clearly define â€Å"self-defense,† the pact allowed too many ways to justify warfare. Perceived or implied threats were too often claimed as justification for invasion. While it was mentioned at the time, the pact failed to prevent World War II or any of the wars that have come since. Still in force today, the Kellogg-Briand Pact remains at the heart of the UN Charter and embodies the ideals of advocates for lasting world peace during the interwar period. In 1929, Frank Kellogg was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work on the pact. Sources and Further Reference   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kellogg–Briand Pact 1928.† The Avalon Project. Yale University.â€Å"The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928.†   Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations. Office of the Historian, United States Department of StateWalt, Stephen M. â€Å"Theres Still No Reason to Think the Kellogg-Briand Pact Accomplished Anything.† (September 29, 2017) Foreign Policy.

Haiti History Free Essays

Haiti has the distinction of being the first black independent republic, who only two centuries ago was the wealthiest country in the New World and represented more than a quarter of France’s economy. Yet today Haiti has been called â€Å"un pays tite-en-bas† where about 80% if Haitians live in absolute poverty, and almost 1/3 of the population is ill or underweight. A long history of political oppression, soil erosion, lack of knowledge and population density of 618 people per square mile has caused modern Haiti to become the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. We will write a custom essay sample on Haiti History or any similar topic only for you Order Now After almost 200 years of rule by a series of despotic emperors, eccentric kings, cruel dictators, powerless presidents and tyrannical generals Haiti is living in absolute poverty. Haiti has a GDP of less then $8 billion a year and the per capita income is less then $250 showing how poor Haiti truly is. When half a million slaves revolted against their colonial masters in 1804, Haiti became the first nation to abolish slavery. Haiti saw 22 heads of state in 72 years causing unrest and turmoil between the Haitian people. After four consecutive years of Haitian presidents being murdered or disposed, the United States sent marines to Haiti. When the Americans left in 1934, Haiti was again in turmoil, with frequent coups, revolutions, dictatorship, and street violence until the election of Franiois Duvalier in 1957. Duvaliers rule soon turned into one of repression and fear and he soon declared himself president-for-life in 1964. Following his death, his son Jean-Claude used the same violent methods of his father to keep control of Haiti. Read also History Quizzes Under his poor leadership, Haiti became one of the world’s poorest countries. Most of Haiti’s economic problems are the result of economic mismanagement and government corruption. Forests were cleared, which caused soil erosion, making the land dry and infertile. Farming employs nearly three-fifths of the workforce (see figure 1). The average salary is only $70 a month, and yet inflation tops 14% a year. The growing population has forced many small farmers to concentrate on growing food for themselves, making it impossible to have any income. Nearly 3/4 of the population of Haiti cooks with charcoal, cutting down so many trees that deforestation of the mountains is a major problem. Only about 4% of the land is forest, compared to 30% of US land (see figure 2 ; 3). Extreme weather conditions further threaten the land, with torrential rains during hurricane season racing down deforested mountains and destroying fields, roads and homes. This has caused a horrific impact on Haiti. Fewer then 13% have access to safe drinking water, and most Haitians struggle to find enough food to eat each day (it is estimated that Haiti produces only 40% of the food it needs). Although public education in Haiti is free, textbooks and other school materials are not, and as a result many children, especially those in rural areas (the 90% of Haitians that live in absolute poverty, also called peasants) cannot afford to go to school. It is estimated that about 90% of Haitians are illiterate. Even though legally, education is free and open to all, only about 30% of Haitian children ever begin school, and of the 30%, only 2% stay in school beyond the 5th grade. Many factors play into the lack of education in Haiti, such as education being mainly in French, even though Creole is the official language in Haiti, also after the fifth year students must pass a difficult examination, which is also in French, causing many students to not pass. The lack of proper teachers and inadequate supplies, as well as overcrowding in schools has made it difficult for Haitians to get an education. Haiti’s misfortune has continued through the years with a series of natural disasters. Severe deforestation, leading to flooding and landslides, and a lack of proper emergency services and infrastructure has resulted in the storms causing the deaths of thousands of Haitians. In 2008, four separate hurricanes – Fay, Gustav, Hanna, and Ike – in the space of 30 days led to the deaths of more than 800 people. About 60 per cent of the country’s harvest were destroyed and entire cities were rendered desolate and uninhabitable. In January 2010, a devastating 7. 0 magnitude earthquake resulting in the deaths of thousands and the loss of many homes and buildings (see figure 5). Haiti is a country full of tragedy and despair. 380 000 Haitians were infected with HIV/AIDS by 2000 and the life expectancy has dropped to the early age of 53. Only 8 people out of every thousand have telephone service and less then 6% of people have access to electrical power. Yet a small portion of the country is not effected by the massive poverty, but instead live a life of luxury. 0. 5% of Haiti’s population earns about 46% of the nations income, thus giving the rich more power causing even more corruption. Many organizations such as The Canadian Red Cross and Hope for Haiti are aiming to restore this once hopeful country. The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) was established on June 1 2004, and continues to help Haiti today. MINUSTAH peacekeepers help provide basic needs such as clean water to cholera affected towns, where close to 50, 000 cases have been reported. The UN has established an emergency response effort to bring relief to this stricken country, yet even with so much help, Haiti is still a country that has lost all its wealth and is now in great debt with the world. How to cite Haiti History, Papers

Road to IELTS General Training free essay sample

A guide for effective letter writing; an article giving advice for Job interviews Writing (1): Writing (2): Practice exercises for letters giving advice Practice exercises for compositions discussing arguments for and against Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for talking about a topic in Part 2 of the Speaking Unit 3: Travel, tourism transport Words: Phrases to talk about traffic-related problems and solutions; words and about a tribe of Native Americans Page | 1 www. ClarityEnglish. com Clarity Language Consultants Ltd, 2009 Reading: A brochure about the quickest way to get from Heathrow Airport to central London; an article about backpacking Writing (1): Practice exercises for letters asking for information Writing (2): Practice exercises for compositions giving an opinion Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for taking part in a discussion in Part 3 of the Speaking Test Unit 4: Environment Words: Words and phrases to talk about environmental problems and geographical features Listening: A conversation about adopting a zoo animal; a lecture about the structure of the Earth Reading: An article about making plastic; an article about a danger to a variety of birds Writing (1): Writing (2): Practice exercises for writing letters of complaint Practice exercises for compositions discussing the causes of a problem and suggesting solutions Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for answering general questions about yourself in Part 1 of the Speaking Test Unit 5: Art culture Words: Words and phrases to talk about art, cinema, theatre and national treasures Listening: A telephone conversation about booking theatre tickets; a lecture on the history of British cinema Reading: A catalogue from a book store; an article discussing tourist information for Bath, in southwest England Writing (1): Writing (2): Practice exercises for letters giving information Pr actice exercises for compositions exercises for talking about a topic in Part 2 of the Speaking Test Page | 2 www. We will write a custom essay sample on Road to IELTS General Training or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ClarityEnglish. com Clarity Language Consultants Ltd, 2009 Unit 6: Mass Media Words: Words and phrases to talk about television, newspapers and Jobs in the media Listening: A talk given by a guide to visitors to a media museum; a conversation about news consumption Reading: A brochure about SummerSkill Sydney; an article about the press Writing (1): Practice exercises for writing letters saying thank you Writing (2): Practice exercises for compositions discussing arguments for and against Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for taking part in a discussion in Part 3 of the Speaking Test Words: Words and phrases to talk about medical conditions and symptoms; food- elated vocabulary; words to talk about the causes, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases Listening: A talk about keeping healthy in winter; a conversation about insects and human diseases Reading: An article about keeping your teeth healthy; an article about food and health myths Writing (1): Writing (2): Practice exercises for letters of apology Practice exercises for compositions g iving an opinion Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for answering general questions about yourself in Part 3 of the Speaking Test Unit 8: Work business Words: Verbs we use at work and words and phrases to talk about a variety of work- related issues Listening: A talk about writing a CY, a conversation about changes in womens employment Reading: A brochure about working at a funfair; an article about the first ball Page | 3 www. ClarityEnglish. com Clarity Language Consultants Ltd, 2009 Writing (1): Writing (2): Practice exercises for letters of application Practice exercises for compositions discussing the causes of a problem and suggesting solutions Speaking: Video clips and practice exercises for talking about a topic in Part 2 of the Speaking Test Unit 9: Society social issues Words: Words and phrases to talk about social issues and crime and punishment Listening: A telephone conversation between a student and a campus security officer about a burglary; a lecture about old age and society Reading: An article about Neighbourhood Watch schemes; an article about changes in life expectancy Writing (1): Writing (2): Speaking: Revision exercises for Writing Task 1 Revision exercises