Business Model of Amazon Essay Example for Free

Business Model of amazon EssayAmazon.com is the pioneering bookstore on the Internet that low opened in July 1995 by Jeff Bezos. The firm offers online obtain services and partnership opportunities such as online search for books, music and video items. The products that they dole out include an graze of audio, video and book titles. Amazon has one of the widest selections and employs international shipping to virtually every corner of the globe in just a few days. Amazons focus is having the biggest selection of free-electronic greeting cards, online auction and millions of books, CDs, videos, DVDs, toys and electronics. They collect spread out to divergent argonas of the world, such as Amazon.co.uk and Amazon.de, to service consumers outside of the linked States. They aim to be a Cost nothingnesser in which their firm has lower costs than the competitors. They have employed different Amazon branches in different parts of the world to lower costs. This allows Amazon to ship their products at a lower worth from to each one point of shipment to the consumer.In recent years, Amazon.com has expanded from being just an online bookstore to an all around online shopping experience. They have coined the tag line Earths biggest selection. Amazon has diversified into different websites. These atomic number 18 the Internet Movie Database (www.imdb.com), LiveBid.com, amazon.livebid.com, drugstore.com (an online retail and information about health and wellness), gear.com (online sporting goods comp either), homegrocer.com (online grocery shopping and delivery), pets.com (largest pet supply online shopping site), ashford.com (online luxury and premium shopping) and eZiba.com (online retail merchant of handcrafted products). Five Forces Model for Industry AnalysisNew EntrantsThe online bookstore industry that Amazon.com has pioneered in was, at first, very hard to penetrate. There were different barriers such as distributing capabilities and the variety of the selection offered that are supposed to be hurdled. Amazon successfully solved the tricky parameters as being the first one to get into the only idea of online retail. With being the first, they had the luxury to set what were the norms for the industry. Factors that may lower these barrier tactics would be a wider selection and theability to go to an actual bookstore to exchange or return books or separate products. This cyberspace of actual retail spaces makes it easier for the consumer to return or exchange the products they were not satisfied with. These handicaps of Amazon were the innovation for the emergence of book retail monstrositys Barnes and Noble and Borders in the online shopping industry. Industry CompetitorsThe major competitors of Amazon are Barnes and Noble and Borders. Barnes and Noble is a retail giant offering books and CDs both in their outlets all over the country. It opened their online industry in 1997 and has become the fourth largest e-commerce sites today. Focused largely on the sale of books, music, software, magazines, prints, posters, and think products, the company has capitalized on the recognized brand value of the Barnes Noble relieve oneself to become the second largest, and one of the fastest growing, online distributors of books. Their advantage to Amazon is the brand name and the availability of actual retail outlets in which consumers could go in to exchange or return products easily. They also have an established book selection establish in their retail operations.Borders is an another(prenominal) multi-media retail store build in major cities around the country. Started out as a low bookshop in the college town of Ann Arbor, Michigan, it has since expanded into one of the finest bookstores. In 1992, Borders was bought by the Kmart group which further flourished the company into a Multi Media Giant with a wide selection of Audio, Video and Books found throughout the United States. The Online bookstore i ndustry have become a fierce melodic phrase which involves discounts, varied selections and fast delivery in which all ternary companies are challenging each other. BuyersThe consumers of this industry can be found in every corner of the population. These are mostly people who have had some(prenominal) form of higher education and have access to the Internet and computers. The segment of online shoppers has increase dramatically in recent years due to the convenience of shopping in the comforts of the home and the accessibility of the Internet. These developments have made it easier for consumers to log on and buy on the Internet.Consumers also tend to compare prices among the retail leaders such that buyers are able to buy products with very bigdiscounts compared to ones bought in actual retail outlets. The bargaining power of the consumer is based on the competitive strategies of each active firm in the industry. Thus, consumers can challenge one firm for charging more than the other one such that the firm will beat the price of the competing firm. SuppliersAmazons suppliers range from the publishing and media houses to electronics manufacturers. Amazon buys all their books, videos and audio CDs from the multi media houses and publishing giants such as Time Warner, Doubleday etc. Amazon also has alliances with other bookstores to cover orders that they cannot serve. SubstitutesThe substitutes for Amazon and other online bookstores are the actual book retailers and music stores such as Barnes and Nobles, Virgin Megastore, Tower Records, Sam Goody and other small mom-and-pop outlets. With the rise of online retail, there will be little impact from these substitutes. One impact would be some consumers who would like to hold or listen to their purchases front to buying and those who are into the whole shopping experience. Barnes and Nobles have jumped into online retail and have succeeded into diversifying into the new e-commerce industry. Industrial Organiz ation ModelDegree of CompetitionDue to the miscue of focus for Amazon, it has become the Earths biggest anything store. Its competitors have expanded from just online book retailers Barnes and Nobles and Borders to top audio retailers CDNOW.com and online auction house EBAY.com. Amazon has an overall lead of 40% market share against the other online retail firms. Their international business has more than doubled over the past 2 years and this growth increased Amazons share in the online business market. Life CycleAmazon, in its first years, had negative income but the rise of e-commerce sites and being the pioneer made the succeeding years led to boom time for them. Their growth period was during 1994 to 1995 when they were the first of its kind in the world. They incurred very high costs in terms ofdistributions to customers. Still with a negative income, Amazon went public in 1997 and had one of the biggest IPOs of the time. With investors banking on future positive cash flow fo r this company, Amazons market value soared. Many people caught on with the idea of online shopping, thus, Amazons success. Amazons success as an online retailer prompted bricks-and-mortar rivals Barnes and Noble and Borders to give way in. Competition decreased Amazons profitability so in the past couple of years, Amazon has expanded to more than books, audio and video to electronics and other retail concepts. Social RelevanceAmazons products are marketed for every consumer possible. Books, audio, video and electronics are appreciated by majority of the population especially those who have access to the Internet. Amazon is active in pursuing literacy programs for young children by collaborating with the makers of the Dr. Seuss books. They have actively participated in the Dr. Seuss shops, story telling sessions and Dr. Seuss days. Degree of GlobalizationAmazons strength internationally lies within its networks in major ports and cities around the Globe. Amazon first started out in Seattle but as soon as they have established a niche market, they have opened shop all over the nation and in cities such as London, Berlin, The Hague, Paris, Tokyo, Singapore and many an(prenominal) more. These branches overseas improves their delivery service to a wide consumer base. Extent of Government ControlThere has not been many government regulations regarding online retailing. A group of CEOs whose firms that are engaged in such practices have formed an organization called Global Business Dialogue. This GBD group supports the development of a seamless global system that delivers the broadest array of goods and services to the largest number of consumers at the most competitive prices. This work effort will offer recommendations to the WTO, including making the moratorium on online tariffs permanent and collaborate with governments to target and snuff it discriminations against, or other non-tariff barriers to global trade in, electronic commerce. This working group will also provide an avenue for the GBDs to consider and promote thegrowth of the electronic marketplace in an environment unencumbered by detrimental taxation. Degree of Vertical IntegrationAmazons primary value chain includes buy/sourcing, marketing, distribution and after-sales services, which includes returns and exchanges from unsatisfied customers. Their main focus is in the purchasing/sourcing and in the distribution of the products to the consumers. Their investments are therefore, geared towards warehouses in key points of high consumer demand areas and an competent delivery and distributing system to service all its consumers. Thus, Amazon controls most of its distributing system that spans across borders. Inter Organization of Network EconomicsAmazon in its efforts to ingest its market leadership in the online retailing industry has tied up with various online organizations. Netscape Navigator and Amazon will offer members of Netscape Netcenter a co-branded storefront wher e Earths Biggest Bookstore will be easily accessed through Netscape Netcenter (home.netscape.com). In addition, Amazon.com has multi-year exclusive and premier bookseller relationships with 5 of the top 6 sites on the World Wide Web AOL.com, hayseed, Netscape, GeoCities, and Excite. These partnerships widen Amazons presence in the World Wide Web. Sensitivity to Business CyclesThe Online retailing business has a very quick orbitual growth. Amazon being one of the firsts to venture in this type of commerce are all ready in what seems to be in their decline salute where market share is declining. Therefore, Amazon is expanding to different industries within online retailing. Amazon and other online retailing firms are very sensitive to business cycles due to the speed of engineering science involved in the services they offer. Dynamics of New Knowledge GenerationOnline retailing relies on the work of an excellent distribution system. Amazon has invested their money into expanding t heir network of distribution centers around the globe. They also have investments in creating better technology for tracking orders and giving cost-efficient delivery systems for their customers. Amazon.com has remained on top of the online retailingbusiness despite the entrance of giants such as Barnes and Nobles and Borders. Their success is attributed to two factors timing and continuing to invest heavily into the inventory and distribution systems. Amazon, by being the first of its kind, has a big lead over the nearest competitors due to their experience and its reputation as the first movers.Their thrust remains on improving efficient delivery systems across borders and to build name recognition as the number one retailing firm in the Internet. They have also ventured into different retail options to keep that lead. Marketing, Innovative inventory and distribution systems, and name recall have helped Amazon build a sustainable competitive advantage. In order for any online ret ail company to remain prosperous and income generating, they must invest a lot of time and money into research and development of more efficient operations and distributions systems. This proved to be key for the Market Leader in online retailing, Amazon.Com. Mary Grace Velasco,College of Business Administration,Senior, Fordham University,Fall 2000

Wall and Piece Essay Example for Free

Wall and Piece EssayOver the years, there have been evidences and reports of quite a little beginning to admire track stratagem. There have been news reports stating that street motions from internationally known urban craftists have been covered with perspex glass in order to preserve it, or that there have been security cameras placed by it to interdict it from being stolen. There are other reports regarding urban device movements which spate have knowledgeable to accept because of the relevance of the messages encrypted within the cheatistry. There are different modern art movements that address social issues applicable to the relegate. track art has gained an earshot and is step by step being accepted in society. This is due to graffito art being utilized for commercial purposes as follow outn in advertisements, and the existence of different graffiti movements, much(prenominal) as GreenGraffiti, where pressurized water is used to create clean designs on the surface of public areas (Imam). Urban art is not just vandalism, for it has become a style that advertising agencies pay attention to now because it appeals to their target audiences. There have too been movements do to make graffiti socially relevant and acceptable to people.Artists do not besides use their art to express their emotions, but also to lend importance to social issues occurring in the country. An example of such work is that of Bastardilla, whose artwork concerns the homeless and indigenous people, and this is considered protest art seen in Columbia. raft may, at times, praise her work, but at the same time are given a reminder for what the real social issue is (Manco 10). Urban art is not just used for artists to be expressive and creative with what they can do with their mural-sized canvases. Their art can be utilized to help people be awake(predicate) of social issues.This goes to show that street art is not just an aesthetic, but also symbolism for issues that are not well known. Through painting these on walls seen by the general public, more people go out stop to look and net that there are subdued imperfections that need to be fixed. URBAN ART CONTROVERSIES Contrary to popular belief, urban art and vandalism are not one and all(a) in the same. According to Sir Joey Quines, an art teacher from Assumption College Makati, street art serves its purpose, but this does not apply to random scribbles on walls we call vandalism. Vandalism and street art are NEVER the same. Yet, despite hearing this input from a professional, people still regard both as socially unnacceptable and illegal. The irony of urban art appreciation. There will al focusings be urban art controversies, and this can be seen in an article Arifa Akbar and Paul Vallely wrote for The Independent concerning the case of London graffiti artists being arrested for defacing public property while the work of the same group was to be put in display in a saucy York purport London is to street art at the start of the 21st century, what Paris was for Impressionism at the start of the 20th, Bob says with unfeigned immodesty. And to date we hate graffiti more than anyplace else in the world. England is by far and a elan the just about draconian for punishments for what are only economic crimes. Truly, street art is not acceptable in the present because it is considered vandalism. However, the analogy of Paris to impressionist art in the 20th century to London to street art in the 21st century may give hope to street art. An example of why the spark of hope may remain is the painter Vincent Van Gogh. Van Gogh was considered to be a buggy man whose artwork never sold during the time he lived.No one really appreciated his work and he was able to sell only one of the many he did. However, today in the 21st century, Van Goghs art style is praised. This can be related to urban art since it is considered to be a crude and unorthodox form of art, but despite this, it does have the ability to gain an audience and praise in the future. However, this concern does not only pertain to England. There is another report written for The Art Newspaper regarding a Canadian urban center beginning to accept graffiti as art, yet there are still oppositions to this move.The city of Toronto formed a committee of urban art specialists in hopes of preserving the street art, however their attempts were rivaled by the building owners and city officials saying that these illustrations were still unacceptable. In spite of this event, the inhabitants of the city have begun to take a liking to urban art there has even been a jam known as Graffiti Alley where the work in Toronto are found (Humber). There is an irony when it comes to urban art appreciation. There are movements made to destroy this form of art, but there are also groups of people who desire to keep these designs on public walls (Imam).There has always been a business with urban art, and this is the preservation and elimination of the said form. It is understandable, though, because most people are still more comfortable seeing art displayed in galleries, and only a number are interested in losing themselves in a city hunt for the enormousest street art. Adapting and accepting urban art. Although there have been very(prenominal) controversial reports regarding the state of urban art and people surrounding this concept, debating on whether to accept this or not, there are certain cities that have accepted it as a reference of their culture.These communities have recognized the potential of street art and decided to adapt it as a part of their districts. Graffiti in the States began as just art seen on the streets in New York in the 1970s, then grew to be part of the culture. Evidence of this can be seen in Brooklyn, New York, where art tours pass by certain street art working, according to Dave Betts (Imam). Recognition of graffiti in New York was a small step to a gr eat development in the area urban art acceptance and appreciation.However small the origins of this art was in New York, it soon grew to be a part of the citys culture. Verification of such acceptance is evident in Dave Betts statement referring to art appreciation tours acknowledging the existance of urban art located all over the city. From small beginnings in New York, urban art became a part of the culture and this city was not afraid to show it. URBAN ART RECOGNITION AND SUPPORT People have begun to admit that urban art is a part of their city and some areas have preserved works of different internationally known artists.It was report that a stenciled artwork located in the city of Leipzig entitled Madonna from artist Blek Le Rat, has been accepted on a list of historical monuments in Saxony. In other cities such as Aachen, Zurich, and Bristol, other urban art works have been placed under a protected status to prevent them from being defaced by the public (Schilling). Urban art ists and their claim for government support. In an interview with Archie Geotina, a street artist from the Philippines, he discussed the need for urban art to be supported instead of it being preserved by the governments.He state that as a street artist, there is always the danger of your work being defaced. When asked whether street art should be preserved, he contradicted this statement by saying that preserving this form of art would destroy the fundamental concept of graffiti liberation. Street art is designed in such a way that it adapts to its surroundings, and the art becomes a narrator of the events in the area. This is why it becomes timeless in a grit that the art acts as a narrative, and as the story continues, more art will be placed on the streets as the story goes on and on (Manco 8).According to Mr. Geotina, he believes that street art should not be preserved by the local anesthetic governments, and that the artists should be supported instead. The local Government s should support us, should give us that money and see what we can achieve with it. Some of us have really big dreams for our city walls, you know. I say, dont leave the city decoration to people who dont really care for decorating the city. Leave it to people who have the passion for it. The beauty of street art is that it was made of the streets.It is designed in such a way that it was not made to be put on display forever because it becomes a sort of narrative. Street art was made for the moment, and once the moment has passed, it will no longer be relevant. Another street artist, Dean Africa, sympathizes with Mr. Geotina with his regard towards street art preservation, stating that the government should promote the local and public arts instead, and see the artistic potential of these local artists. With the governments attention on these local artists, they can alternatively use their abilities to develop Filipino art.The significance of urban art. As stated earlier, there have been reports of different urban art movements that were created to make the pubic more aware of the social issues. This is what makes urban art important however uncontrollable the art may seem. The artist Banksy is an example of a thinking street artist his art has been imitated, copied, and library paste throughout society, allowing it to be reached by a larger audience. The effect of this is that more people understand the truth behind advertising and mass media, allowing them to mock the process (Banksy, Shove, and Potter).The work of Banksy has been highly coveted to the point where people have stolen his work from the streets. He is also admired by so many people that he is imitated, and these aspiring artists post their own renditions of his work on the streets. Due to this, a large audience was conceived. The power of ones admiration and obsession for an urban artist can eventually lead to a large audience who begin to pay attention to the cryptic messages in the art. A significant example is Faireys movement MAYDAY. It became a historical event, which made art an important tool.Fairey, unafraid(predicate) of joining the helter-skelter of politics, exercised his freedom of expression. With the art he created during his time, he achieved the highest achievement art has to bring democracy forward (DAmbrosio 34). Fairey became a revolutionary by throwing himself into universe by fighting with his art through addressing social issues with this movement. The effect that his work had on people is what art is truly made for to suggest ideas or themes and contract the audience. URBAN ART SHOULD BE SUPPORTED As opposed to what people say when describing urban art, it is not vandalism.It is a method urban artists use to spread word about social issues affecting the country, since displaying the word on the streets will garner more attention from the public. Some people take notice of these works and praise them for such designs, while others simply scoff at the designs saying it is rubbish. Contrary to popular belief, a street artist himself stated that urban art should not be protected for it would destroy the life and meaning of street art. Instead, the urban artists should be supported by their local government units.If urban artists spend light on social, political and cultural issues that need attention, the logical reply to this act would be to support them. Word about such issues will be much easier to relay to the community involved if they were seen painted on the streets. Urban artist Banksy stated that displaying your work on public property is the best way to be seen, for the designs will be immediately immersed into an audience. Urban art is not vandalism, but a representation of social issues the public should be aware of.The local government units must pay attention to urban artists and their techniques in publicizing issues relevant to the community. The methods of these urban artists are in no way harmful, for the se art works are done by artists who care about their surroundings and the people involved. The intention they have for their audience is to make them more acquainted with the social issue. afterwards the artist has done his or her job introducing the social issue to the audience, it is the viewers discretion on what he or she will do in response to react to the issue or to ignore it.In addition to this, the designs of these urban artists can be utilized as aesthetics to create a concrete art jungle which people can enjoy. Urban art is not illegal, but it is only said to be so since it is socially unacceptable for most people to paint on the walls in the street. These artists can get caught for doing something they are passionate about, and though they should be frightened of the authorities who hunt them down, they are still unfazed by them.These artists continue this lifestyle of putting art in the streets, simply for the love of it. Through their art, they flaunt their technique s and reveal issues that more people should be aware of, a responsibility that should be done by the governing system. It should be a requirement for the government to keep the public informed about issues relevant to the locals, and it is apparent that the urban artists or vandals are those who actually represent these concerns through their work.Works CitedAfrica, Dean. Personal interview.2 Jan. 2013. Akbar, Arifa, and Paul Vallely. Graffiti Street art or crime? The Independent. 16 July 2008. 8 Nov. 2012. . Web. Banksy, Banging Your Head against a Brick Wall. United Kingdom Weapons of Mass Disruption, 2001. PDF File. . Wall and Piece. London, UK Random House. 2007. Print. Banksy, Gary Shove, and Patrick Potter. Banksy You Are an Acceptable Level of curse and If You Were Not You Would Know About It. Darlington Carpet Bombing Culture, 2012. Print. Cobcobo, Joey. Personal interview. 3 Jan. 2013.

Standards of Quality Health Care

Standards of Quality Health sellPatricia HallLong-term nursing home wield has unique elements relative to the event of medical attention that is required and the publics perception of elder burster. Modern nursing divvy up facilities must adhere to the six standards of quality health maintenance rubber Circumventing injury to patients from the care that is supposed to make them healthier. This invokes the Hippocratic Oath, both old and modern versions (Medical definition of Hippocratic oath, 1996), to cause no harm.Effectiveness Providing administrations based on logical information to all who could profit and abstaining from giving administrations to those non prone to profit (maintaining a strategic distance from underuse and abuse, individually). Avoid overmedication in elder care scenarios.Patient-centeredness Providing care that is deferential of and receptive to individual patient inclinations, considers, and values and guaranteeing that patient qualities control every s ingle clinical choice. Make a long-term care facility as close to a residents home life as possible, with the inclusion of personal amenities and family involvement a standard technique.Timeliness trim wait times and sometimes damaging postponements for both those who receive and those who give care. A major complaint from patients is the wait time between being seen by a health care provider, and the red tape required to obtain treatment from specialists.Efficiency Avoiding waste, including misuse of gear, supplies, thoughts, and vitality. A quality example of a need for teamwork in the organization.Equitability Providing care that does not differ in quality in view of individual attributes, for example, sex, ethnicity, geographic area, and financial status (The Six Domains of Health care Quality, 2016). Making sure that no patient experiences uneasiness during a health care visit due to cultural differences.Patient-centered care advances decision, reason and importance in day b y day life. Individual-centered care implies that nursing home occupants are bolstered in accomplishing the level of physical, mental and psychosocial prosperity that is independently practicable. This objective respects the conditional relation of keeping the individual at the focal point of the care management and basic leadership process. Care arrangements are living reports that are updated to mirror a persons evolving needs. In person-centered care, staff puts a premium on undivided attention and watching, so staff can adjust to every inhabitants changing needs gainful little heed to subjective capacities (National nursing home quality improvement campaign, 2017). The staff treats the patient well regardless of that patients ability to appreciate the fact.A prime model of a patient-focused long-term care organization, the Eden alternating(a) is a global, non-benefit association committed to creating personal satisfaction for elders and their care assistants, wherever they ma y experience. by training, counsel, and effort, Eden Alternative offers individual coordinated standards and practices that bolster the novel needs of various living conditions, extending from the nursing home to the neighborhood street (Alternative, 2017). Family interaction is powerfully encouraged.In a culture that ordinarily sees maturing as a time of decay, the Eden Alternative theory asserts that regardless of how old we are or what challenges we live with, life is about keeping on developing. Expanding on this new worldview, it certifies that care is not a restricted road, yet rather a community association. exclusively guardians and care recipients are portrayed as care partners, each a dynamic member in a critical position of giving and getting. Together, care partner teams try to upgrade prosperity by killing the three diseases of forlornness, weakness, and boredom (Alternative, 2017). This mantra reflects my personal beliefs regarding the dynamics of a long-term care f acility. If I had it my way, families would not dread placing a loved one in the care of a long-term health facility, but consider it a positive process.ReferencesAlternative, T. E. (2017, January 27). The Eden Alternative improving the lives of the elders. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http//www.edenalt.org/Medical definition of Hippocratic oath. (1996). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http//www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20909National nursing home quality improvement campaign. (2017). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from https//www.nhqualitycampaign.org/goalDetail.aspx?g=pccThe Six Domains of Health Care Quality. (2016, March ). Retrieved February 23, 2017, from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, http//www.ahrq.gov/professionals/quality-patient-safety/talkingquality/create/sixdomains.html

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes

Overview of Disease Diagnoses ProcessesAlejandra MedinillaTASK 1The aim of this work is to cover the whole bear upon of disease diagnoses. In medicine, embody various ways to classify diseases as well as different test and procedures to diagnose them. The world health organization (WHO) plays a actually weighty role here since they created normalized classifications of diseases and disabilities, with specific codes to describe each of them with the purpose of simplify and standardize the process of diagnose 1.2. We be going to review the two near important models of health, use in medicine to beg off malady. They help to predict and identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the possibility of occurrence of an illness.Diseases eject be assort in different ways, depending on the criteria taken into account duration, distribution, pathology and aetiology ar some examples. They atomic number 18 important in the compilation of statistics on causes of illne ss (morbidity) and causes of remainder (mortality).The most utilize classifications divided illnesses depending on the organs affected, nature and causes of the disease, risk of contagious and communicable and the occurrence and frequency of it. According to the British encyclopedia these classifications argon 1) topographic, (2) anatomic (3) physiological, (4) pathologic (5) etiologic (6) juristic, (7) epidemiological and (8) statistical. (Stanley L. Robbins, Jonathan H. Robbins, Dante G. Scarpelli. 2013. Classifications of diseases online. Available at http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease/63272/Classifications-of-diseases)The WHO has a very important role in classifying disease. They develop the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), with the ICD and ICF as core classifications.They are call the Normalized Classifications and are based on professional and scientific criteria.The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a classif ication that uses different codes to differentiate symptoms, signs and illnesses. This classification allowed a global standardization making easier the diagnostic process. Each illness is classifying trough a code of 5 characters.The last version is the 10th, ICD-10, created in 1992. The eleventh revision is running until 2015.The some former(a) classification created by the WHO is the ICF, which complements the ICD. This classification has two parts. One refers to functionality and disability and the other to conceptual factors.Both classify of the different shows of illness/health within a standardize framework, with specific codes.On the other hand, more generally speaking, in 1997 was created the triangle of health. It classifies health, into social, mental or material making emphasis on the importance of the three states together.We burn define as Physical wellness, to the body health it refers to optimal weigh, vision, a healthy skin, and uprises, tissues and organs, a good dental condition and a good neuro-muscular coordination. A soulfulness with physical health must able to do all his routine workwithout all difficulty. To try the physical health of a person we can focus in different areas like life style (drug abuse, alcohol and tabaco habits, level(p) exercise, medical examination checkups), human biology (genetic and body chemistry), environment (the air we breathe and where we live) and medical services ( to prevent, detect and treat diseases).Mental health refers to the state of mind. It is the skill that a person has to manage stress and tension of daily life and keep a good attitude. Personal relationships with family and friends are a key aspect when severe to evaluate a persons mental health. Mental health is essential requirement to make judgments, to possess discretion and to face and overcome the problems.The macrocosm Health Organization describes Mental Health as the state of well-being in which the individual realizes h is or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. (WHO. December 2013. Mental health a state of well-being online. Available at http//www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/)And last, Social Health which is the ability to function in society. It is in the ability to build positive and constructive relationships with peers. The social network of a person is a crucial indicator. Having no friends could lead to depression being more prone to manifest physical problems. In contrast, a person with strong relationships exit feel more supported and accompanied.As a resume, a person could have a very good physical health, making exercises every day, have healthy food and doing regular checkups with the doctor, but, if the person moves away from friends and social events to maintain this condition, this means luck of social health and could lead him to mental health problems in the future.In the process of diagnoses and establishing health and disease it is important to have knowledge and understanding of the Health interrogation methods.Health search has been defined as the process for obtaining systematic knowledge and technology which can be used for the improvement of the health of individual sorts. (Davies 1991, cited in A. Bowling 2002, p.3)Health research methods are used to obtain the necessary information to develop new tools and procedures that help to protect people from diseases or recover from them.Classifications of research methods are based on different criteria. Dankhe classification (1989) proposed 4 types of research studies exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory.In general depending on the role of the researcher we can have observational or experimental methods harmonise to the time when the data is collected or measured, prospective or retrospective according to the number of occasions on which the var iable is measured in the study, thwartwise or longitudinal and according to the number of variables under study, descriptive or analytic.Experimental studies are prospective studies they evaluate the effect of one or more interventions. Frequently used in the assessment of therapeutic drugs and therapeutic interventions, being really careful with the ethic limits. They can be applied to the investigation of intervention measures of the disease, seeking to reduce individual risk. An example is the study that evaluates the effectiveness of a vaccine. On the other hand observational studies are those in which the patient is non assigned to an specific treatment or intervention, the evaluation is carried out according to a standard clinical practice, being therefore the researcher an observer of what is occurrent or has happened.Research involves a combination between the different types of research. Research methods are used in conjunction.As the WHO suggest another way of classify ing health research is to describe it under three operational interlinked categories of biomedical, health services and behavioral research, the so-called health research triangle (WHO. 2001. Health research methodology. Chapter 1, p. 3)Multi-dimensional approaches are available for evaluating outcomes research. In evaluating research outcomes it is important to measure effectiveness, acceptability and humanity, equity and accessibility and efficiency.The evaluation of the data is made using the scientific method, and the collection of research data. Evaluation can be divided into two types formative and summative.Formative evaluation is carried out during the investigation process. It aims to improve the methodology concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses.On the other hand, Summative evaluation takes place at the end of the process. It determines achievement and other outcomes, to evaluate the continuity or not of the process or program.There are different ways to disseminate the results of a research. As a general rule it is better to plan at the beginning of the research which is going to be the dissemination strategies. It should be consider the goals and objectives of the dissemination, as well as the impact, the Audience, the Medium to best reach each the audience and the execution process.Ones we have the results of an investigation we look at to concentrate in how they are going to be disclosed. The options are diverse, depending on the public we want to focus on.The most common and generally used is the outlet of texts, could as scientific papers, in specialize magazines, newspapers or posters, leaflets and advertising for a more general public.In the field of health exist different Principles of Health modeling. Models are a simplification of reality. They help to predict, identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the burden of illness.We can mention 2 important models, the Biomedical and the Biopsychosocial models. Both are theories that explain illness from different perspectives.The biomedical model assumes that disease is a deviation from normal biological functioning and biological mechanisms are sufficient to explain disease, excluding psychological and social processes. It is a reductionist and single-factor model it reduces illness to low-level processes, such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances, and explains illness in terms of a biological malfunction.We can say that the Body was treated as a machine Physical disease is measured by the absence of health. It is the one used to develop the classification of diseases.On the other hand, the Holistic or biopsychosocial model includes biological, psychological, and social factors as important determinants of health and illness.It maintains that health and illness are caused by multiple factors and produce multiple effects. So it is a multicausal model. Mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness because both influe nce the state of health.The perception of wellbeing is influence by different factors. There are psychological and social factors that influence the culture of illness, and these are ignored by the biomedical model since it take into account just the physical aspects of the problem.TASK 2It is important to mention the difference between Diseases and disorderes. A disease is a pathological condition of the body in response to disruption of homeostasis. It is a result of pathogens, trauma, physical and chemical agents, genetics ( inheritance), metabolic or nutritional disorders, while an Illness is the condition of a person experiencing disease.In order to establish peoples health we need to follow different procedures and make various tests to be able to give diagnoses. Before we can proceed with a specific test or group of tests we need to look the Signs and symptoms the patient presents.Signs can be define as any indication of a medical condition that can be objectively observed and normally they have no kernel to the patient or they not even notice them. Signs can be detected during a physical examination. Elevated blood pressure is an example. 2.2Symptoms on the other hand are recognized, experienced and referred by the patients. The patient feels something anomalous in his body. Examples of symptoms can be, feeling tired, low mood and energy, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness. Symptoms become key elements when any health professional want to make a diagnosis to a patient and give him treatment.As examples to clarify we can mention three examples. In the guinea pig of a headache, the patient is the only one capable to notice it so, it is a symptom if we talk about blood pressure, this could only be a signs, since it require to be measured by a doctor in a laboratory and the one that could be both, a sign and a symptom is a rush.Ones we have observe and checked the signs and symptoms we are able to proceed with the correspondent diagnostic proc ess.The diagnostic process includes all types of measurements and tests that are used to evaluate a patients condition, such as physiological measurements, laboratory tests and pathology tests, imaging tests and endoscopies. 2.1Each form of diagnosis involves specific procedures and tests that we can summarize asLaboratory tests blood test, urine, and/or other body fluids. They are used to evaluate what is going on in the body and also in specific cases like cancer treatment, to evaluate the side effects like anaemia and neutropenia (low white blood cell count), which can increase the risk of infection. 2.1Endoscopic tests is a procedure performed with an endoscope (a flexible and very thin tube with a camera) to examine the inside of the body. The endoscope model varies depending on the part of the body that is going to be examined.Biopsy is the removal of tissue, a very mild amount to be examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies Fine needle aspiration bio psy, Core needle biopsy, Vacuum-assisted biopsy, Image-guided biopsy and surgical biopsy. 2.1Imaging tests X-ray, bone scan, CT or CAT scan, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, MRI and Ultrasound. 2.1In practice, Multiple Tests are used. Choices depend on cost, invasiveness, volume of test, presence and capability of lab infrastructure, urgency, etc.As an example, to diagnose cancer the most common types of tests used are biopsy, imaging tests, endoscopic tests and laboratory tests.It is important to know that a disease could be developed in a normal or an abnormal way. That is the field of etiology, which in medicine refers to the factors coming together to cause a disease.As mention previously, a disease can have a normal or an abnormal aetiology. To clarify this concept we can observe the development of Diabetes. In general it could be describe as a chronic disease that occurs when the body loses the ability to produce enough insulin or use it effectively.We can divide this disease in 2 main groups. The first one includes the types of diabetes with normal aetiology and the second one with abnormal aetiology.In the 1st group (normal aetiology), the common forms of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes (T1D, known as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM) and Type 2 diabetes.In Type 1, the pancreatic cells produce little or no insulin. Its causes are not precisely known but are believed to be an autoimmune reaction. It can occur at any age, but normally occurs before the age of 30.Type 2 diabetes (T2D), known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) usually develops slowly over time. Most people with this disease are overweight at the time of diagnosis. The increment of body fat makes it difficult for the body to use insulin the right way. It can also occur in thin people and are more common in the elderly. It is the most common form of diabetes. 2.3The 2nd group involves the types of diabetes with abnormal aetiology. In general these types present a gene play and some grade of inheritance. We can mention MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young) and GDM (Gestational diabetes).(MODY) is a rare form of diabetes that runs strongly in families. It is caused by an inherited genetic defect, an autosomal inheritance (3 generations of the same family affected) of the insulin-producing cells. After the Type 1 diabetes it is the most frequency type within infants.GDM is first developed during pregnancy, usually appears in mid-pregnancy. The body cannot produce or use enough insulin. It is of very high risk for the pregnancy, so it needs to be controlled. Gestational diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet and regular exercise, but sometimes the mother will also need insulin. Normally it disappears after delivery, but the mother has more risks of developing diabetes type 2 in the future.BIBLIOGRAPHYBowling, Ann. Research methods in health investigating health and health services 2nd ed. Open University Press, Buckingham Philadelphia.David Bl ane, Mel Bartley, George Davey Smith Disease aetiology and materialist explanations of socioeconomic mortality differentials Inequities in health European Journal of Public Health. 1997 7 3S5-391D. A. Collier and J. L. Treasure, The aetiology of eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry (2004), 185, 363-365Donald M. Steinwachs, Ronda G. Hughes, Chapter 8. Health Services Research eye socket and Significance. Patient Safety and Quality An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses Vol. 1Institute of Alcohol Studies (2007) Alcohol and Mental Health.L Rychetnik, M Frommer, P Hawe, A Shiell, Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002 56119127Ross and Wilson (2006), Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness, 10th edition Elsevier.R Bonita, R Beaglehole, T Kjellstrm, elemental epidemiology, WHO, 2nd edition.Saffrey and Stewart (eds) (2001) Maintaining The Whole Human Biology and Health Book 3, The Open University, Chapter 7.The W orld health organization (2001) Mental health new understanding, new hope.Tortora (2003) knowledgeability to the Human Body The essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition, Wiley Sons.Hawkes, C. (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization.WHO, Health Research Methodology A guide for training in research methods. Second Edition. WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, 2001.World Health Organization, 2001. ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. WHO, Geneve.WHO (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for research. WHO, Geneva.World Health Organization (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases.

Conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh Analysis Dissertation

Conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh Analysis DissertationThis harangue foc intentions on the deviation of Nagorno-Karabakh the origins of the negate, its present state and the possible future. Through egress the dissertation several key aspects and theories of outside(a) relations be analysed, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as races proper(ip) to self determination, the apprehension of nation-state and conflict resolution.Firstly, the relevant theories of Inter case relations ar explored and an attempt is made to compare them with currentity and to show their use in the real military personnel. Secondly, a historic cover versionground of the conflict is described, followed by a description of the conflict from 1988 to 1995 and the relaxation talks. Thirdly, an analysis of the future of NK is examined, pointing out possible solutions and forms of reconciliation. More everyplace, relevant interrogative moods are individu any(prenominal)y looked at.For over ten years NK has been o n a path of nation-state building. NK sees itself as an breakaway republic, charge with lack of foreignistic recognition. NK has a macrocosm of 141,000 and an range that covers 11,458.38km2. (Official website of the professorship of NK, http//www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ , accessed on March 2, 2011). The map below show the situation of NK, they show both the NK Autonomous Oblast and the present NK state boundaries that take on the engaged territories of AzerbaijanTHEORY cover hand TO SELF DETERMINATIONAs this dissertation deals with the de facto state of Nagorno-Karabakh, it analyses and explores transnationalist Law concerning concourses mature to self determination and the consequent recognition of their state.Chapter 1, article 1, type 2 of the United Nations take up pissd in 1945 states that the aim of the UN is toDevelop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal propers and self- policy-making sympathies of bu lks, and to take new(prenominal) appropriate measures to strengthence universal peaceableness?.Article 1, part 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights 1966 states the spare-time activity in all peoples have the right of self-rule. By equity of that right they freely determine their political view and freely pursue their economic, fond and cultural development?. (United Nations Charter 1945, available at http//www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ accessed March 2 2011)Moreover, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of twenty-fourth October 1970 declares thatBy virtue of the principle of equal rights and self-rule of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and eve ry State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.? (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, available at http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm accessed march 2 2011)The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any near other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people?. (UN General Assembly, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970,available at http//www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3dda1f104.htmlaccessed March 2 2011 ).These legal statements show the core understanding and acceptance of the internationalist companionship bear oning the mood of peoples right to self determination. horizontal though almos t core aspects of these declarations goat be vague in their practical sense, their general message is non contested.By taking into account these and other declarations, the case for the people of NK becomes clearer. Presently, the problem lies with the idea that NK peoples right to self determination collides with Azerbaijans right to sovereignty, so what is the solution? According to Dr. Otto Luchterhandt, the director of East European Research Department (University of Hamburg)The right to self-determination is non only a political principle scarce a rule of existing international law. The people of Nagorny Karabakh are the subject of the right to self-determination. The people of Nagorny Karabakh evict claim for the highest level fulfilment of the law of self-determination secession from the state of Azerbaijan because on the one hand its restriction to the status of a national nonage stands in no reasonable relation to its legitimate raises in development and protection, and on the other hand the measure of its oppression has readyed such unbearable proportions, that re important in the federation of Azerbaijan has become unacceptable and it has announced it impart for self-determination in an unmistakable and convincing manner.? (Luchterhandt, Nagorny Karabakhs Right to State independency According to International Law, Boston, 1993)To use international law in a discussion in the case for NK, specific proof has to be shown. There is excessively the argument that juridic legitimacy of borders and territorial integrity works against the self-determination principle, provided this clear non be taken into account in the case of Azerbaijan SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic). Firstly, it must(prenominal) be say that NK was an autonomous oblast (an administrative unit) within the Azerbaijan SSR, and that Azerbaijan SSR was not defined by state borders, it was defined by administrative borders, therefore the Helsinki accordance Final suffice in 197 5 concerning territorial integrity stopnot be applied. As Francois Mitterrand said Why should the interior administrative borders of a state be mechanically recognized as international ones? (Zargarian,1999).Secondly, on the 31st terrible 19941 the Azerbaijan SSR confirmed the restoration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan that had been created from 1918 to 1920. This declaration leaves to question the legality of the present Azerbaijans borders, including the territories of NK, territories environ NK and Nakhijevan, as no(prenominal) of these were part of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. In addition, it is well documented that in December 1920, Azerbaijan SSR accepted the territories of NK and Nakhijevan as belonging to Armenia. These declarations were later neutered by Stalin, which at the times was Commissar of Nationalities.To further analyse, the value of state sovereignty of Azerbaijan should be graded as lower than the importance of sovereignty of a state in a normal situation, with reference to the system of states in the League of Nations, therefore it is lower than the NK peoples right to self determination. (Raschhofer, 1960) This notion gives support to the national right to self-determination of NKs people in right to secession over Azerbaijans state sovereignty. (Luchterhandt, 1993).To conclude, as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was founded after a referendum on state license on tenth December 1991, resulting in a 98% acceptance, and in transcription with international and Soviet law, it should ultimately be acknowledged as veritable under international law. Moreover, precedent of Eritrea can be use, which showed that self proclamation leads to be under the power of international law. NK relationship with other countries, international organisations, and treaties such as the geneva Convention, all give power for self-determination.HISTORYThe name Nagorno-Karabakh has a mixture of 3 languages Nagorno is in Russian meaning m ountainous?, and Karabakh is in Turkic and Farsi meaning Black Garden?. However, the Armenians call it Artsakh, as it was one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, and it is mentioned as early as second century BC the antediluvian provinces of Artsakh and Utik, situated amidst Lake Sevan, river Kara and river Araxes. (Strabo, 1st century BC.)During the centuries, NK has been mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, all the said(prenominal) there were periods in which during conquests other ethnic groups would settle, such as whiteness Tatars, Caucasian Albanians (no connection to Albanians in Balkans), Persians and Turkic tribes. The recent conflict with Azerbaijan has unleashed a historical fact finding fight, where the Azeris lay historical claims to these lands, and the Armenians refute them. The people living in NK point out to the obvious evidence, such as hundreds of ruins, ancient monuments, religious building, churches and monasteries. (Tchilingirian,1999). As one farmer sa id in regard to this This monastery (Monastery of Gandzasar) kept us Armenian, the writings on these walls made us know who we are. There is a khachkar (cross-stone), the size of a car, on top of this mountain our ancestors fit(p) it there to denominate that this is Armenian land? (Martakert, 1995).To round the history of Artsakh a new dissertation can be written, therefore to keep in bank line with this dissertation, a review of more recent history is made. later on 1918, when the Georgians, Armenians and Azeris took advantage of the chaos of the Russian Revolution to establish independent states, struggle broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however by 1921 all three republic were under the rule of the Red Army. (Swietochowski, 1985)Originally, the Bolsheviks determined NKs problem The Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary deputation (Azrevkom), Narimanov declaredThe government of Workers and Peasants of Azerbaijan, having heard the news of the proclamation in Arme nia in the name of the insurgent peasantry of the Soviet Socialist Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal Armenian people. From this twenty-four hours forward, the former borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are suspended. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are named as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Long live the fraternity and Federal of workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan.? (L. Chorbajian, P. Donabedian, C. Mutafian, 1994)The determination by Narimanov was acclaimed by the ethnic Armenians which thought that it was a fair decision. Moreover, Narimanov declared no territorial conflict will cause battue between these ii age-old neighbourly peoples?. ( Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994). Yerevans central indorsement henceforward declaredBased on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia? (Libaridian, 2004)This announcement was never realised, even if it was at the beginning supported by Stalin. Stalins view was that Karabagh should be devoted to Azerbaijan, in an case to increase friendly relations with Turkey, which by then had aspirations to be a communist state. (Lane, 1992) It must be understood that Turks and Azeris are ethnically the very(prenominal) people.Even though the decision over NK was reached on July 4th 1921 in the Kavburo (Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party)Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia? (Libaridian, 2004)The Kars and capital of the Russian Federation treaties were signed in October, giving Azerbaijan the instruction of NK. Thus, NKs Armenian populations (90% of NK) desire to link with Armenia was ignored, creating ethnic tensions that would lastly end in full scale war.The Armenians tried to relocate NK to Armenia SSR in 1 929, 1935, 1963, 1966, 1977 and 1987. The main reasons were the anti-Armenian discrimination, demographic shifts and economic underdevelopment. (Ulubabian, 1994) The Armenian population had declined by 25% from 1920 to 1979, delinquent to hardships created by these discriminatory attitudes.The modern conflict started on February 1988, when due to the glasnost policy created by Gorbachev and its subsequent openness, the NK authorities asked to transfer the NK Autonomous Oblast to Armenia SSR. The reply in Azerbaijan SSR was negative, as in 13th June it rejected this demand, on the other hand Armenia SSR on 15th June gave acceptance to this request. Due to the argument between Azerbaijan SSR and Armenia SSR, Moscow had to decide, and since Articles 73 and 78 of the 1977 USSR Constitution states that borders may only be changed if both republics agree on the change, NK stayed under Azerbaijans SSR authority, until the Soviet Union broke down in 1991.The conflict itself started with military force and ethnic-cleansing, with guerrilla warfare. Pogroms against Armenians started in Sumgait (near Baku) in February 1988 and in January 1990 in Baku. The Armenians of Baku (approximately 220,000) and from other parts of Azerbaijan were forced to flee, except in areas of NK. In return, Azeris in Armenia (160,000) were forced to leave, however no pogroms and mass violence was recorded, unlike in Baku.It was not until Yeltsin came to power that Russia sided with the Armenians, as in the first place the USSR broke down the USSR Army was service of process the Azeris. The Russians helped the Armenians with weapons, fuel and logistic support. The reason the Russians sided with the Armenians was because it was against Azerbaijans pro-Turkey and pro-Western positions. (Betts, 1999). Russias view was that Armenia was its only ally in the southeastern Caucasus, and due to its geopolitical situation in regard to Turkey in Iran, help should be devoted.Full scale war broke out between 1991 and 1994 among the Azeri Army and the irregular Armenian guerrilla fighters. At the beginnings of 1992 the Azeris were in control of nearly one-half of NK, forcing out Armenian courteousians as they advanced. Spring 1992 was when the advantage turned towards the Armenians, as their offensive pushed the Azeris to retreat. Once the city of Shushi was captured in whitethorn 8 1992, the Armenians had control of NK and the border territories. It must be noted that the Armenian side was mostly fought by guerrilla fighters, which did not respond to any central authority in NK or Armenia. Most of the fighters or Fedayeen (Freedom Fighters), as the Armenians call them, were ordinary people without training or military weapons. The Armenians were helped by the Diaspora, which sent money, weapons and volunteers to help. The Azeri side brought mercenaries from Chechnya and mujahedeen from Pakistan and Afghanistan (approximately 3,000 fighters). (Taarnby, Michael. 2008)In May 199 4 a cease squirt was signed with Russia as intermediary in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The ceasefire was signed by the Azerbaijani authorities and General Babayan from the NK build up forces. The result of the war was that the Armenians ended up controlling 20% of Azerbaijans territory. An estimated 4,500 people died and 25,00 wounded from the Armenian side, and an estimated 30,000 died and 60,000 wounded on the Azeri side. (De Waal, 2003).CEASE FIRE AND PEACE dialogueBefore the ceasefire agreement mediated by Russia, several attempts were made to find a solution.The first attempt was by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on September 1991, it gave no fruit. neighboring mediation was by Iran on February 1992. Since Irans historical relationship with both the Armenians and the Azeris was close, it attempted to increase its dominance in the region, especially to push Turkey aside. The Tehran host did not reach to any agreement. After this, CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperatio n in Europe) started to arbitrate, it in any case pressed Iran out of the negotiations, as the latter was not a segment of CSCE, On August 1992, Nazarbayev tried again, but the mediation led to nowhere. CSCE tried on several occasions from 1992 until December 1994 to reach an agreement for both sides, but its inexperience and Russias couple involvement made it fail. From May 1994, when the ceasefire was signed, several propositions were laid on the negotiation table, but NK was only to agree to a complete incase?, while Azerbaijan pushed for a step by step? approach. (Mooradian, 1999)To date, there has been no concrete agreement between the two parts. The main mediator is the Minsk Group, created in 1993 by the CSCE (now OSCE), even though the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan have met on various occasions, NKs government is hush up left out of any negotiations.CAN KOSOVO BE USED AS AN EXAMPLE?After the recognition of Kosovos independence, some other de facto states looked closely to see if it would set an example. Even though the states that have get byd Kosovo state that Kosovo cannot be used as a precedent, others may argue that it can and has. The main reason the international community uses to implicate the uniqueness of Kosovo is that it has been under UN and international control, while other de facto states like NK, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have not.To analyse the relevance of Kosovo, a comparison is made. The similarities with NK are various both consist of a minority that sees itself discriminated, both conflicts started in an era of modulation brought by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both held referendums and used the peoples right to self determination idea. The differences must also be noted NK can argue that before the transition era, it already was an Autonomous Oblast. NK has existed for longer, with relative better stability, and has made more progress on state-building, even though it received slight international for ethought and financial support. (Murinson, 2004) Other differences are that NK is not accepted as a negotiating part in the peace process, Armenia acts as its representative.It can be argued that the Kosovo can be used as an example of a state gaining independence, however, the international community argues that it is a unique case, however this does not limit the political ramifications it has brought. Kosovos independence has given hope to other de facto states, who argue that in all, they should have a better chance in gaining independence than Kosovo. As the former President of NK statedIf the world community is ready to recognize the independence of Kosovo, I think it will be very hard for them to explain wherefore they do not recognize Nagorno-Karabakh?(Yakubyan, 2006)And as the Speaker of NK Parliament saidA serious basis for the international recognition of our sovereignty, we have held free elections for 16 years, law-enforcement bodies are formed, powers are divided, the force is under civil control?(Karabakh Has Serious Grounds for International Recognition of Sovereignty, in Karabakh Open, 20 February 2008)To explain why Kosovo deserves international recognition and other de facto states in very similar positions do not is very hard, even by the same international community that accepted Kosovos independence. The reasons can vary from the formalised statement that Kosovo has been under international control, while other have not, but it is also correct to assume that other factors such as mutual interests among regional powers. Russias involvement in the NK peace process has many times thrown the Minsk Groups propositions away, as Russia can benefit from the no peace no war? situation over NK it sells arms and heavy weaponry to both Armenia and Azerbaijan, arming both sides.WHY HAS ARMENIA NOT RECOGNISED NKS INDEPENDENCE?This question is very arouse in the sense that it would be logical that Armenia should be the first country in recognising t he independence of NK, however there is one main reason of why it has not. The official Armenian response to these questions is that since Armenia has startedAn international legal process of settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, and this is why Armenia has still not recognized the enclaves independence? Itis forthesame reason that Armenia has not recognized the independence of Kosovo,Oleg Yesayan, Armenian ambassador to Belarus.(Alima Bissenova. (2008). Armenia links issue of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia to N.-Karabakh. Available http//www.cacianalyst.org/?q=taxonomy/term/4page=6. Last accessed 20th January 2011.)However, due to the recent statements by Azerbaijan of taking NK back by force has made the Armenian side declare that it would recognise NK if war startedArmenia is categorically against a military resolution of the problem. In the event Azerbaijan unleashes a new military venture, Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize de jure the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh a nd provide for the safety of its population through all means,?President of Armenia, Serge SarkisianAstana, Kazakhstan, December 2010.EuroAsia. (2010). Armenia Says Will Recognize Karabakh In Case Of War. Available http//www.eurasianet.org/node/62556. Last accessed 20th January 2011One could argue that Armenia should recognise NK, in the same manner as Russia has recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The recognition of NK would give Armenia legal right to aid NK in case war started with Azerbaijan. Moreover, some argue that if Armenia does not recognise NK in the foreseeable future, the status and issue of NK could be forgotten to history, as it would lose its momentum in the pursuit for recognition.RECOMENDATIONSFrom the overall analysis of the NK conflict and other similar conflicts around the world, some basic and concrete to the NK case recommendations can be madeOSCE and other international peace organisations should look to include NK in the negotiation process as an independ ent actor, like they did with the ceasefire agreement.International organisations should pave the way to stipulate better assurances for non resumption of fortify conflict. The line of fire should be closely observed for ceasefire violations.Programs should be developed in order to teach both societies about tolerance, reconciliation and mutual respect.International organisations should look to immix the public in debates and discussions, and rely less on top-down approaches. (Faber, 2005)International organisations should push for a peacekeeping force to be deployed on the contact line, it should also try to organise a new referendum under the eyes of international observers, henceforth push for a lawful democratisation and a peace settlement. (Freizer, 2006)Governments in Armenia, NK, and Azerbaijan should start to include conflict resolution and prevention, peace building and peacekeeping, human rights programmes at schools and universities, in order to increase public awarenes s.NGOs should create projects along with the civil society to educate the population about the conflict and conciliation for peace.Finally, an international recognition of NK would ensure a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and would advance NK answerable to international law. Moreover, NK would have access to loans from the IMF or the WB, thus being able to develop better as a state. Open borders with Azerbaijan would bolster trade, and possibly bring presumption between the people.CONCLUSIONThe conflict of NK is very complicated to be able to analyse without going into much detail. There are many arguments for and against certain strategies, using international law, international recognition, state sovereignty, refugees, and many others, but one thing is being ignored the fact that NK has been acting like any other recognised democratic state for over 15 years. NKs human rights violations, degree of democracy and transparency and corruption are all better than Armenia or Az erbaijan, (Freedom House, 2011) yet still there is little advance among the international community in recognising NK. Some may add that the West uses twofold standards Weve got used to the double standards of the West. I retrieve that the people of South Ossetia have much more reason for gaining independence than the Kosovan Albanians.? (Yuri Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia). In my opinion, the West does not fully use double standards, but approaches the question very surgically, since it understands the uniqueness of every conflict, and that it could be disastrous to use one peace settlement in another area, as every conflict has its own inimitable dynamics.I think that NK pace to independence is correct, as sooner or later it will have to be recognised, it should continue developing its government in order to set an example. In the near future two outcomes are possible, either an international recognition of NK or war will break out, it is inevitable, as both sides con tinue arming themselves, therefore it in my opinion it is in the best interest that of the international community to prevent such hostilities by recognizing NK. As Chekov saidIf in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise dont put it there.(A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskusstvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521)Conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh Analysis DissertationConflict of Nagorno-Karabakh Analysis DissertationThis dissertation focuses on the conflict of Nagorno-Karabakh the origins of the conflict, its present state and the possible future. Throughout the dissertation several key aspects and theories of International relations are analysed, such as peoples right to self determination, the concept of nation-state and conflict resolution.Firstly, the relevant theories of International relations are explored and an attempt is made to compare them with reality and to show their use in the real world. Secondly, a historical back ground of the conflict is described, followed by a description of the conflict from 1988 to 1995 and the peace talks. Thirdly, an analysis of the future of NK is examined, pointing out possible solutions and forms of reconciliation. Moreover, relevant questions are individually looked at.For over ten years NK has been on a path of nation-state building. NK sees itself as an independent republic, even with lack of international recognition. NK has a population of 141,000 and an area that covers 11,458.38km2. (Official website of the President of NK, http//www.president.nkr.am/en/nkr/statePower/ , accessed on March 2, 2011). The map below show the situation of NK, they show both the NK Autonomous Oblast and the present NK state boundaries that include the occupied territories of AzerbaijanTHEORY RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATIONAs this dissertation deals with the de facto state of Nagorno-Karabakh, it analyses and explores International Law concerning peoples right to self determination and the consequent recognition of their state.Chapter 1, Article 1, part 2 of the United Nations Charter created in 1945 states that the aim of the UN is toDevelop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace?.Article 1, part 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 states the followingAll peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development?. (United Nations Charter 1945, available at http//www.un.org/aboutun/charter/ accessed March 2 2011)Moreover, the Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations of 24th October 1970 declares thatBy virtue of the principle of equal rights and se lf-determination of peoples enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, all peoples have the right freely to determine, without external interference, their political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, and every State has the duty to respect this right in accordance with the provisions of the Charter.? (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966, available at http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm accessed march 2 2011)The establishment of a sovereign and independent State, the free association or integration with an independent State or the emergence into any other political status freely determined by a people constitute modes of implementing the right of self-determination by that people?. (UN General Assembly, Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1970,available at http//www.unhcr.org/refwor ld/docid/3dda1f104.htmlaccessed March 2 2011 ).These legal statements show the core understanding and acceptance of the international community regarding the idea of peoples right to self determination. Even though some core aspects of these declarations can be vague in their practical sense, their overall message is not contested.By taking into account these and other declarations, the case for the people of NK becomes clearer. Presently, the problem lies with the idea that NK peoples right to self determination collides with Azerbaijans right to sovereignty, so what is the solution? According to Dr. Otto Luchterhandt, the director of East European Research Department (University of Hamburg)The right to self-determination is not only a political principle but a rule of existing international law. The people of Nagorny Karabakh are the subject of the right to self-determination. The people of Nagorny Karabakh can claim for the highest level fulfilment of the law of self-determinatio n secession from the state of Azerbaijan because on the one hand its restriction to the status of a national minority stands in no reasonable relation to its legitimate interests in development and protection, and on the other hand the measure of its oppression has reached such unbearable proportions, that remaining in the federation of Azerbaijan has become unacceptable and it has announced it will for self-determination in an unmistakable and convincing manner.? (Luchterhandt, Nagorny Karabakhs Right to State Independence According to International Law, Boston, 1993)To use international law in a discussion in the case for NK, specific proof has to be shown. There is also the argument that juridical legitimacy of borders and territorial integrity works against the self-determination principle, however this cannot be taken into account in the case of Azerbaijan SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic). Firstly, it must be stated that NK was an autonomous oblast (an administrative unit) with in the Azerbaijan SSR, and that Azerbaijan SSR was not defined by state borders, it was defined by administrative borders, therefore the Helsinki Agreement Final Act in 1975 concerning territorial integrity cannot be applied. As Francois Mitterrand said Why should the interior administrative borders of a state be automatically recognised as international ones? (Zargarian,1999).Secondly, on the 31st August 19941 the Azerbaijan SSR confirmed the restoration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan that had been created from 1918 to 1920. This declaration leaves to question the legality of the present Azerbaijans borders, including the territories of NK, territories surrounding NK and Nakhijevan, as none of these were part of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. In addition, it is well documented that in December 1920, Azerbaijan SSR accepted the territories of NK and Nakhijevan as belonging to Armenia. These declarations were later altered by Stalin, which at the times was Commissar of Nationalities.To further analyse, the value of state sovereignty of Azerbaijan should be graded as lower than the importance of sovereignty of a state in a normal situation, with reference to the system of states in the League of Nations, therefore it is lower than the NK peoples right to self determination. (Raschhofer, 1960) This notion gives support to the national right to self-determination of NKs people in right to secession over Azerbaijans state sovereignty. (Luchterhandt, 1993).To conclude, as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh was founded after a referendum on state independence on 10th December 1991, resulting in a 98% acceptance, and in agreement with international and Soviet law, it should ultimately be acknowledged as genuine under international law. Moreover, precedent of Eritrea can be used, which showed that self proclamation leads to be under the power of international law. NK relationship with other countries, international organisations, and treaties such as th e Geneva Convention, all give power for self-determination.HISTORYThe name Nagorno-Karabakh has a mixture of 3 languages Nagorno is in Russian meaning mountainous?, and Karabakh is in Turkic and Farsi meaning Black Garden?. However, the Armenians call it Artsakh, as it was one of the provinces of Greater Armenia, and it is mentioned as early as second century BC the ancient provinces of Artsakh and Utik, situated between Lake Sevan, river Kara and river Araxes. (Strabo, 1st century BC.)During the centuries, NK has been mainly populated by ethnic Armenians, however there were periods in which during conquests other ethnic groups would settle, such as Caucasian Tatars, Caucasian Albanians (no connection to Albanians in Balkans), Persians and Turkic tribes. The recent conflict with Azerbaijan has unleashed a historical fact finding war, where the Azeris lay historical claims to these lands, and the Armenians refute them. The people living in NK point out to the obvious evidence, such a s hundreds of ruins, ancient monuments, religious building, churches and monasteries. (Tchilingirian,1999). As one farmer said in regard to this This monastery (Monastery of Gandzasar) kept us Armenian, the writings on these walls made us know who we are. There is a khachkar (cross-stone), the size of a car, on top of this mountain our ancestors placed it there to indicate that this is Armenian land? (Martakert, 1995).To review the history of Artsakh a new dissertation can be written, therefore to keep in line with this dissertation, a review of more recent history is made.After 1918, when the Georgians, Armenians and Azeris took advantage of the chaos of the Russian Revolution to establish independent states, war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however by 1921 all three republic were under the rule of the Red Army. (Swietochowski, 1985)Originally, the Bolsheviks determined NKs problem The Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee (Azrevkom), Narimanov declaredTh e government of Workers and Peasants of Azerbaijan, having heard the news of the proclamation in Armenia in the name of the insurgent peasantry of the Soviet Socialist Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal Armenian people. From this day forward, the former borders between Armenia and Azerbaijan are suspended. Mountainous Karabagh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as integral parts of the Socialist Republic of Armenia. Long live the fraternity and union of workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan.? (L. Chorbajian, P. Donabedian, C. Mutafian, 1994)The decision by Narimanov was acclaimed by the ethnic Armenians which thought that it was a fair decision. Moreover, Narimanov declared no territorial conflict will cause bloodshed between these two age-old neighbourly peoples?. ( Chorbajian, Donabedian, Mutafian, 1994). Yerevans central authority henceforth declaredBased on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is hencefor th an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia? (Libaridian, 2004)This announcement was never realised, even if it was at the beginning supported by Stalin. Stalins view was that Karabagh should be given to Azerbaijan, in an effort to increase friendly relations with Turkey, which by then had aspirations to be a communist state. (Lane, 1992) It must be understood that Turks and Azeris are ethnically the same people.Even though the decision over NK was reached on July 4th 1921 in the Kavburo (Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party)Based on the declaration of (Azrevkom)it is hereby declared that Mountainous Karabagh is henceforth an integral part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia? (Libaridian, 2004)The Kars and Moscow treaties were signed in October, giving Azerbaijan the control of NK. Thus, NKs Armenian populations (90% of NK) desire to unite with Armenia was ignored, creating ethnic tensions that would eventually end in full scale war.The Armenians tried to relocate NK to Armenia SSR in 1929, 1935, 1963, 1966, 1977 and 1987. The main reasons were the anti-Armenian discrimination, demographic shifts and economic underdevelopment. (Ulubabian, 1994) The Armenian population had declined by 25% from 1920 to 1979, due to hardships created by these discriminatory attitudes.The modern conflict started on February 1988, when due to the glasnost policy created by Gorbachev and its subsequent openness, the NK authorities asked to transfer the NK Autonomous Oblast to Armenia SSR. The reaction in Azerbaijan SSR was negative, as in 13th June it rejected this demand, on the other hand Armenia SSR on 15th June gave acceptance to this request. Due to the argument between Azerbaijan SSR and Armenia SSR, Moscow had to decide, and since Articles 73 and 78 of the 1977 USSR Constitution states that borders may only be changed if both republics agree on the change, NK stayed under Azerbaijans SSR authority, until the Soviet Union broke down in 1991.The c onflict itself started with violence and ethnic-cleansing, with guerrilla warfare. Pogroms against Armenians started in Sumgait (near Baku) in February 1988 and in January 1990 in Baku. The Armenians of Baku (approximately 220,000) and from other parts of Azerbaijan were forced to flee, except in areas of NK. In return, Azeris in Armenia (160,000) were forced to leave, however no pogroms and mass violence was recorded, unlike in Baku.It was not until Yeltsin came to power that Russia sided with the Armenians, as before the USSR broke down the USSR Army was helping the Azeris. The Russians helped the Armenians with weapons, fuel and logistical support. The reason the Russians sided with the Armenians was because it was against Azerbaijans pro-Turkey and pro-Western positions. (Betts, 1999). Russias view was that Armenia was its only ally in the South Caucasus, and due to its geopolitical situation in regard to Turkey in Iran, help should be given.Full scale war broke out between 1991 and 1994 among the Azeri Army and the irregular Armenian guerrilla fighters. At the beginnings of 1992 the Azeris were in control of nearly half of NK, forcing out Armenian civilians as they advanced. Spring 1992 was when the advantage turned towards the Armenians, as their offensive pushed the Azeris to retreat. Once the city of Shushi was captured in May 8 1992, the Armenians had control of NK and the surrounding territories. It must be noted that the Armenian side was mostly fought by guerrilla fighters, which did not respond to any central authority in NK or Armenia. Most of the fighters or Fedayeen (Freedom Fighters), as the Armenians call them, were ordinary people without training or military weapons. The Armenians were helped by the Diaspora, which sent money, weapons and volunteers to help. The Azeri side brought mercenaries from Chechnya and mujahedeen from Pakistan and Afghanistan (approximately 3,000 fighters). (Taarnby, Michael. 2008)In May 1994 a cease fire was signed with Russia as intermediary in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The ceasefire was signed by the Azerbaijani authorities and General Babayan from the NK Armed forces. The result of the war was that the Armenians ended up controlling 20% of Azerbaijans territory. An estimated 4,500 people died and 25,00 wounded from the Armenian side, and an estimated 30,000 died and 60,000 wounded on the Azeri side. (De Waal, 2003).CEASE FIRE AND PEACE TALKSBefore the ceasefire agreement mediated by Russia, several attempts were made to find a solution.The first attempt was by Boris Yeltsin and Nursultan Nazarbayev on September 1991, it gave no fruit. Next mediation was by Iran on February 1992. Since Irans historical relationship with both the Armenians and the Azeris was close, it attempted to increase its dominance in the region, especially to push Turkey aside. The Tehran conference did not reach to any agreement. After this, CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) started to arbitrate, it a lso pressed Iran out of the negotiations, as the latter was not a member of CSCE, On August 1992, Nazarbayev tried again, but the mediation led to nowhere. CSCE tried on several occasions from 1992 until December 1994 to reach an agreement for both sides, but its inexperience and Russias parallel involvement made it fail. From May 1994, when the ceasefire was signed, several propositions were laid on the negotiation table, but NK was only to agree to a complete package?, while Azerbaijan pushed for a step by step? approach. (Mooradian, 1999)To date, there has been no concrete agreement between the two parts. The main mediator is the Minsk Group, created in 1993 by the CSCE (now OSCE), even though the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan have met on various occasions, NKs government is still left out of any negotiations.CAN KOSOVO BE USED AS AN EXAMPLE?After the recognition of Kosovos independence, many other de facto states looked closely to see if it would set an example. Even thou gh the states that have recognised Kosovo state that Kosovo cannot be used as a precedent, others may argue that it can and has. The main reason the international community uses to implicate the uniqueness of Kosovo is that it has been under UN and international control, while other de facto states like NK, Abkhazia and South Ossetia have not.To analyse the relevance of Kosovo, a comparison is made. The similarities with NK are various both consist of a minority that sees itself discriminated, both conflicts started in an era of transition brought by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, both held referendums and used the peoples right to self determination idea. The differences must also be noted NK can argue that before the transition era, it already was an Autonomous Oblast. NK has existed for longer, with relative better stability, and has made more progress on state-building, even though it received less international attention and financial support. (Murinson, 2004) Other di fferences are that NK is not accepted as a negotiating part in the peace process, Armenia acts as its representative.It can be argued that the Kosovo can be used as an example of a state gaining independence, however, the international community argues that it is a unique case, however this does not limit the political ramifications it has brought. Kosovos independence has given hope to other de facto states, who argue that in all, they should have a better chance in gaining independence than Kosovo. As the former President of NK statedIf the world community is ready to recognize the independence of Kosovo, I think it will be very hard for them to explain why they do not recognize Nagorno-Karabakh?(Yakubyan, 2006)And as the Speaker of NK Parliament saidA serious basis for the international recognition of our sovereignty, we have held free elections for 16 years, law-enforcement bodies are formed, powers are divided, the army is under civil control?(Karabakh Has Serious Grounds for I nternational Recognition of Sovereignty, in Karabakh Open, 20 February 2008)To explain why Kosovo deserves international recognition and other de facto states in very similar positions do not is very hard, even by the same international community that accepted Kosovos independence. The reasons can vary from the official statement that Kosovo has been under international control, while other have not, but it is also correct to assume that other factors such as mutual interests among regional powers. Russias involvement in the NK peace process has many times thrown the Minsk Groups propositions away, as Russia can benefit from the no peace no war? situation over NK it sells arms and heavy weaponry to both Armenia and Azerbaijan, arming both sides.WHY HAS ARMENIA NOT RECOGNISED NKS INDEPENDENCE?This question is very interesting in the sense that it would be logical that Armenia should be the first country in recognising the independence of NK, however there is one main reason of why it has not. The official Armenian response to these questions is that since Armenia has startedAn international legal process of settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, and this is why Armenia has still not recognized the enclaves independence? Itis forthesame reason that Armenia has not recognized the independence of Kosovo,Oleg Yesayan, Armenian ambassador to Belarus.(Alima Bissenova. (2008). Armenia links issue of Abkhazia, S. Ossetia to N.-Karabakh. Available http//www.cacianalyst.org/?q=taxonomy/term/4page=6. Last accessed 20th January 2011.)However, due to the recent statements by Azerbaijan of taking NK back by force has made the Armenian side declare that it would recognise NK if war startedArmenia is categorically against a military resolution of the problem. In the event Azerbaijan unleashes a new military venture, Armenia will have no other choice but to recognize de jure the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh and provide for the safety of its population through all means,?Pr esident of Armenia, Serge SarkisianAstana, Kazakhstan, December 2010.EuroAsia. (2010). Armenia Says Will Recognize Karabakh In Case Of War. Available http//www.eurasianet.org/node/62556. Last accessed 20th January 2011One could argue that Armenia should recognise NK, in the same manner as Russia has recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The recognition of NK would give Armenia legal right to aid NK in case war started with Azerbaijan. Moreover, some argue that if Armenia does not recognise NK in the foreseeable future, the status and issue of NK could be forgotten to history, as it would lose its momentum in the pursuit for recognition.RECOMENDATIONSFrom the overall analysis of the NK conflict and other similar conflicts around the world, some basic and concrete to the NK case recommendations can be madeOSCE and other international peace organisations should look to include NK in the negotiation process as an independent actor, like they did with the ceasefire agreement.Internation al organisations should pave the way to stipulate better assurances for non resumption of armed conflict. The line of fire should be closely observed for ceasefire violations.Programs should be developed in order to teach both societies about tolerance, reconciliation and mutual respect.International organisations should look to integrate the public in debates and discussions, and rely less on top-down approaches. (Faber, 2005)International organisations should push for a peacekeeping force to be deployed on the contact line, it should also try to organise a new referendum under the eyes of international observers, henceforth push for a lawful democratisation and a peace settlement. (Freizer, 2006)Governments in Armenia, NK, and Azerbaijan should start to include conflict resolution and prevention, peace building and peacekeeping, human rights programmes at schools and universities, in order to increase public awareness.NGOs should create projects along with the civil society to edu cate the population about the conflict and conciliation for peace.Finally, an international recognition of NK would ensure a peaceful settlement of the conflict, and would make NK answerable to international law. Moreover, NK would have access to loans from the IMF or the WB, thus being able to develop better as a state. Open borders with Azerbaijan would bolster trade, and maybe bring trust between the people.CONCLUSIONThe conflict of NK is very complicated to be able to analyse without going into much detail. There are many arguments for and against certain strategies, using international law, international recognition, state sovereignty, refugees, and many others, but one thing is being ignored the fact that NK has been acting like any other recognised democratic state for over 15 years. NKs human rights violations, degree of democracy and transparency and corruption are all better than Armenia or Azerbaijan, (Freedom House, 2011) yet still there is little advance among the inter national community in recognising NK. Some may add that the West uses double standards Weve got used to the double standards of the West. I believe that the people of South Ossetia have much more reason for gaining independence than the Kosovan Albanians.? (Yuri Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia). In my opinion, the West does not fully use double standards, but approaches the question very surgically, since it understands the uniqueness of every conflict, and that it could be disastrous to use one peace settlement in another area, as every conflict has its own inimitable dynamics.I think that NK pace to independence is correct, as sooner or later it will have to be recognised, it should continue developing its government in order to set an example. In the near future two outcomes are possible, either an international recognition of NK or war will break out, it is inevitable, as both sides continue arming themselves, therefore it in my opinion it is in the best interest that o f the international community to prevent such hostilities by recognizing NK. As Chekov saidIf in the first act you have hung a pistol on the wall, then in the following one it should be fired. Otherwise dont put it there.(A. P. Chekhov, in Teatr i iskusstvo 1904, No. 28, 11 July, p. 521)

do our judgement of others define by the symbolz they signify :: essays research papers

Do our judgment of others defined by the symbols they signify? Are judgment of others defined by the symbols they signify? Why do we judge throng based on how they appear? From the min we see somebody wearing bagging jeans, big shirts, full the whole package. We draw off them to be no good. When thats not always the case . Do we mien at them for what they symbolize? By the way they walk, talk, act. Names and titles always symbolizes a person. It describes a persons outlook. When you hear psycho. We would theorise that the person is crazy. And would know to stay away.Why do we judge people based on how they appear? When I was first saying bout the soggy jeans, big shirts. We look at them basally to be bad because most people who dress like that are. If I were to dress up as a natural law and walk nap the street people will always come to me asking for help or something that a police individual would do. With Hester and scarlet letter. In the book people who wear the scarlet l etter are known to have done something bad. And so they look down on her. With Mr. Dimsdale he is look upon as a someone who has no sin. Ideal. Just on what we appear to be.Do we look at them for what they symbolize? of course we do. Its not right. But lets come for sample an old guy with baggy cut up clothes, long bread, just sitting down in a corner of a street. We take the old man dont have a job, car, education, no life. And that just may be the case. But how a person symbolizes themselves to be thats what we take them for. If a young lady comes in with her hair in a bun and very covered up, No make-up. Always keeps her head down .You take her to be shy , keep to herself or something like that. Just by her just doing all that. We take her to symbolizes a shy lady. As substantially as Mrs. Hibbins. She acts a witch. Everybody is going to take her to be one .Names and titles always symbolizes the person. With teenagers, society looks at teens to be wild, out of control people th at just want to party. Just because of what their named teens .

J. D. Salinger :: Biography Biographies Essays

J. D. SalingerBiographer Ian Hamilton notes that J. D. Salinger has been notoriously famous for not wanting to be famous (4). Born in New York in 1919 and still living today, Salinger leads a rather reclusive lifestyle, choosing to avoid the general attentions of the press, and thus making his life a difficult subject for study. His work, however, has been cherished and analyze for many years. He has published many works of fiction both in moderate form and in magazines such as the New Yorker and Esquire. wiz of his most intriguing novels is Franny and Zooey, which is actually composed of two short stories bearing those names. It is one of several of Salingers works involving the Glass family, specifically Franny and her brother Zachary, known in the family as Zooey. Franny relates the manner in which she arrives by train to spend an afternoon with her boyfriend Lane, whom she has not seen for some time. Lane is by nature a repressing person, one who, waiting for a train, intentio nally tries to empty his face of all expression that might quite simply, perhaps even beautifully, reveal how he matte up nearly the arriving person (7). It beautifully and honestly illustrates the nature of their relationship, which is far less than perfect. In the wake of the suicide of her brother Seymour (which readers can learn more about in A Perfect Day for Bananafish included in Nine Stories), Franny searches for spiritual meaning in her life. Her tool in this quest is a book entitled The Way of a Pilgrim, and in following the teachings of this book, she begins to consider the lack of meaning in some of her relationships, which, in this story, alienates Lane. The majority of the story focuses on their dinner party conversation, and the tension which develops between the couple is well handled by Salinger for example, when Franny begins acting strangely, Lane looked at her, then exhaled an overly expressive stream of smoke down at his plate. This is going to be a real littl e doll of a weekend, he said (24). Eventually, out of mental exhaustion, Franny passes out in the restaurant,Zooey picks up where Franny leaves dark she has been sick as a result of her increasing self-neglect. The reader meets Zooey, who spends the greater part of the story discussing with Franny her condition. Franny reveals the main point of The Way of a Pilgrim, which is to repeat the deliverer Prayer incessantly until it becomes as natural and constant a bodily process as breathing.